CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND EVENTS THAT LED TO THE BIRTH OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Act of Oppression upon The Land of Libertyâ1748 to 1774
I have chosen to start with this time period because of its importance to the present time. There have been laws written, policy put forth, and claims as to what our Founders actually intended this country should be. Much of this rhetoric was written by individuals whose interpretations, in my opinion, implemented their ideologies while claiming they were following the Constitution and the thoughts and wishes of the Founders. Let me tell you, a lot of their interpretation is bunk. Here is the sequence of events that led to a free United States of America.
The French/English Indian Warsâ1748
(That is right, folks, the colonists and the natives were thrust into wars because France and England could not get along.)
In 1748, after many long years of strife, then a period of peace, then strife renewed, those two nations finally agreed to peace. They believed themselves the arbitrators of mankind, the pacifiers of the world, and supposed they were establishing the colonial system on a basis that would endure for ages. They signed the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which restored tranquillity to America.1
At this time the woods of Virginia sheltered the youthful George Washington. Born beneath the roof of a Westmoreland farmer, almost from infancy, his lot was the lot of an orphan. No academy had welcomed him; no college crowned him in honors; to read, to write, to cipherâthese had been his degrees in knowledge. And now at sixteen years of age, in quest of an honest living, encountering incredible toil, wandering the backwoods and the banks of the Shenandoah among the skin-clad natives with their scalps and rattlesâholding a bearskin a splendid couchâthis stripling surveyor, with no companion but his unlettered associates, no implements of science but his compass and chain, contrasted strongly with the imperial magnificence of the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle.2
Yet God chose not these monarchs and learned men but a Virginia stripling to give an impulse to human affairs, and as far as events can depend on an individual, had placed the rights and destinies of countless millions in the keeping of a widowâs son. The voice of that boy was soon to be heard in the din of battle, and the mind of what we would call a blue-collar worker, strengthened and matured by years of hard work, was to guide the steps of his suffering country through a long and bloody war, and finally lay the foundation of the noblest structure of human freedom ever designed by man.
The colonists and natives had but a short time to reap the benefits of peace. With the conclusion of the treaty, their prospects were again clouded, and the sound of approaching war filled the land with anxiety and gloom. After an interval of about eight years (1748-1756), Great Britain formally declared war against France. The cause was borders-alleged encroachments of the French on the frontiers of the colonies in America belonging to the English crown.
French possessions reached from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Montreal. The French erected houses on Lake Ontario, planted New Orleans, discovered the Mississippi, and claimed the vast tract watered by it and its tributary streams. They were determined to connect their north and south possessions. While they were in the prosecution of this design, a company of traders from London and Virginia had obtained a grant from the king of six hundred thousand acres on and near Ohio and erected fur houses for trade with the natives. The Canadian governor feared these traders would prevent the French design, seized some of the traders, and imprisoned them in Canada.
Lt. Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia demanded the reason of this hostile conduct. This message was entrusted to George Washington, who began the line of service which would lead to the independence of his country.
On October 31, 1753, Washington left Williamsburg, Virginia, traveled through the forests and mountains, lost his horse, and continued the trek of about 560 miles on foot. On December 13, he reached the French fort and delivered the letter to the commander.
Washington returned to Williamsburg with the answer. The commanderâs reply was he had taken possession of the country under the direction of the governor-general of Canada, whose order should be obeyed. This was not satisfactory, and the Virginians were instructed to resist encroachments by force of arms. Troops were raised in Virginia and joined by an independent company from South Carolina, totaling about four hundred. The command of the expedition was given to Washington who, in April 1754, marched into the territory in dispute. Meeting at Great Meadows, he attacked and defeated the French force and erected Fort Necessity.
Receiving reinforcements from New York and Carolina, he proceeded toward Fort Du Queene, erected on the fork of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers.
Hearing that De Villiers was approaching from this fort, Washington retired to Fort Necessity to await reinforcements. De Villiers attacked with 1,500 troops and, after a vicious attack, offered Washington honorable terms of capitulation. He accepted and returned with his troops to Virginia.3
In the same year delegates from the seven colonies assembled at Albany to form a treaty of friendship with the Six Nations, negotiated with the Oneida, a member tribe of the Iroquois called the People of the Standing Stone. Most of the Iroquois sided with England, but the Oneida chose Americaâs side. After accomplishing this business, they proceeded to adopt a plan of union, similar in its construction to the present Constitution, to be submitted to the colonial legislatures and to parliament for their approval. The plan was rejected by parliament because they considered it gave too much power to the people and rejected by the colonies because it gave too much power to the king.
England was already jealous of the colonial assemblies and saw in them a spirit that, unless checked in this infantile state, might soon become too powerful to control.
Since the colonies failed in their plan of union, they joined England in the war with France over borders and encroachments. In the spring of 1754, General Edward Braddock arrived with a large force of English troops and was given the authority as commander-in-chief over the English and American Colonial Forces. His campaign would be against Fort du Queene, with a second against Niagara under Governor William Shirley and a third against Crown Point under General John Johnson. While these preparations were going on, another plan for attacking the French in Nova Scotia was carried out. Commander Generals Robert Monckton and John Winslow and three thousand troops sailed from Boston. The resistance was slight and in short time the English gained possession of the whole province, with the loss of only three men.
Braddock was a brave man possessed of great military skill, but educated in the science of war as then taught in Europe, he knew little of Indian warfare. His severe strictness in camp approached arrogance, and unfortunately for him, he entertained supreme contempt for the colonial troops and the advice of the American officers. When Washington, who was his aid-de-camp, suggested the propriety of employing the Indians as scouts and advance parties, he disdained the advice, which, if followed, would have saved his army and changed a shameful defeat into a glorious victory.
Taking none of the precautions, on July 9, a few miles from the fort, he fell into an ambush of the French and Indians. The English troops broke rank when they heard the war whoop of the Indians and would have fled, except Braddock rallied to preserve a regular order of battle, keeping them cooped up like sheepâfair marks for the unseen enemy.
The slaughter was dreadful, and every officer on horseback, except Washington, was shot down; he, riding over every part of the field, had two horses shot from under him and four balls lodged in his coat. The Indians afterward asserted they had repeatedly fired at him with rifles that had never missed the mark before; at Length they were convinced the Great Spirit shielded him. God had preserved his life to be a leader in the great struggle of his country for liberty.4
This war carried on, not reaching a peace treaty till 1763 when France ceded to Great Britain all her Northern settlements in America. The bloody war, which had so long raged on the American frontiers, was at Length closed, and the provincial soldiers returned to their homes to enjoy a short respite of peace before they again took the field, this time in the struggle for liberty against the tyranny of England. Soon the causes of specific events would unfold and lead to the most interesting happenings of any in the history of the time. This overthrow of tyranny and despotism in the United Colonies would erect an altar of human freedom sacred to liberty unlike any the world had ever seen.
A dark cloud had hung over the nations of the Old World for more than a thousand years. The rulers were the rich and the great, and they swayed the rod of empire with no gentle hand. The groans of the oppressed arose faintly through the gloom that surrounded them, yet they entered the ear of the Most High, and He, in His own good time, f...