Theory and Practice of Communication

Science and information technology

Miguel D'Addario, Wilson Alves Pereira

• Publisher: Babelcube Inc.
• Year: 2020
• eBook ISBN: 9781071549841
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Communication Studies
• Index: Social Sciences

The theory of information emerged at the end of World War II in the 1940s. It was initiated by Claude E. Shannon through an article published in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1948, entitled A Mathematical Theory of Communication. At that time, the aim was to use communication channels more efficiently, sending a quantity of information through a given channel and measuring its capacity; the optimal transmission of messages was sought.

Terms

EVENT: Fact or event with importance.

ACTUALITY: A thing or event that attracts and occupies the attention of most people at any given time.

PERIODIST AGENDA: Set of topics selected to form part of a general index.

AGENDA SETTING: Process of selection of the news of the approach that the media give to them and of its possible transparency to the public. This is the name given to the phenomenon by which the mass media influence the issues dealt with by public opinion. According to this hypothesis, people tend to concentrate on the points included in the media agenda, and to exclude from the discussion those topics not dealt with by the media. This budget is part of the communication theories that recognize the effects of the media on audiences.

ACTIVITY BASED COSTING: Activity-based costs. A tool that determines the costs of the company's activities (generating a purchase order, an invoice) and compares them with the profitability generated by each line of business. It is also compared with similar companies and it is determined if it is necessary to improve.

NEWS AGENCY: These are organizations that collect, produce and distribute news. There are national agencies, dedicated exclusively to respond to the requirements of a country's newspapers, and international agencies, which have correspondents in several countries that are responsible for providing information of global relevance.

ENLARGEMENT: The broadest and most detailed information that follows an advance.

CONTENT ANALYSIS: It is the set of techniques of analysis of communications tending to obtain indicators (quantitative or not) by systematic and objective description of the content of the messages. These indicators are the basis for inferences regarding the conditions of production and reception of the analyzed messages. Content analysis tends to concentrate on graphic media, since the physical stability of written messages allows the search for recurrent messages and the verification of hypotheses. The application of content analysis to oral messages involves their transcription.

ADVERTISER: A natural or legal person who contracts advertising space in the media for the purpose of disseminating the products and services of his or her own industry, trade, profession or activity, which he or she may carry out on his or her own or with the intervention of an advertising agency.

DETERMINANT ARTICLE: It has value as a text maker. The determining article indicates previous information. E.g.: Pedro gave the album to Maria.

INDETERMINANT ARTICLE: has value as a text maker. The indeterminant article directs the attention to the later information. EJ: Pedro gave Maria a record.

ASSESMENT CENTER: You can observe the real behaviors of a candidate in situations similar to reality.

COMMUNICATION AUDIT: analysis - generally of a minimum period of half a year - of the image conveyed by the media about the company and its products or services. Content analysis and surveys among journalists are usually carried out.

ADVANCE: Short writing of facts. Agencies use the word advance to highlight the importance of the information, which will later be expanded.

BENCHMARKING: Compare yourself with the best and try to reach your standards.

BRANDING: Building and positioning a brand.

BUSINESS PROCESS REINGENIERING (BPR): Thinking about the company again after identifying the critical processes that make the business successful. If the key process is the claims service, it must be emphasized.

TOTAL QUALITY: A process that is normally oriented towards satisfying customer needs. It is one of the instruments to improve efficiency.

CHANNEL: is a medium, a carrier of messages, or a conduit, the choice of channels is often an important factor for the effectiveness of communication.

FORMAL CHANNEL: Those established by the company. Messages flow in three directions: downwards, upwards and sideways. Messages down: contain information necessary for any staff member to do his or her job; perhaps policies and procedures, orders and requests that are conveyed to the appropriate level of the hierarchy. Upward messages are reports, requests, opinions, complaints. Sideways messages are transmitted between different departments, functions or people at the same level in the company.

INFORMAL CHANNEL: They arise by virtue of the common interests among the people who work in the company. Rumors are a very powerful channel, such messages are often distorted, but are often more credible than those that arrive through formal channels and are faster.

PRESS FOLDER: A folder that is sent to a newsroom with documents that address a specific topic.

They can include reports, statistics, opinions, photographs, in other words, everything the journalist needs to produce an article.

CHARISMA: The charisma is more visible as the ability to provoke emotions in others, and in that sense is probably measurable, the charisma exerts its maximum influence during communication.

DIRECT QUOTES: To reproduce exactly the words of the subject of the information, always goes between quotation marks.

INDIRECT QUOTES: The journalist explains what the subject of the action has declared.

PERIODIST COLUMN: Each of the parts into which a page of a printed publication is vertically divided.

Depending on the design of the newspapers, we can observe that the pages are formed by three, four or five columns in which the journalistic texts are incorporated.

COMMUNICATED: Information sent by an informant source, usually by fax or e-mail.

PRESS CONFERENCE: A meeting convened by a source to provide information to the media at which they can ask questions.

EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Body formed by a group of people who are responsible for the editorial line of the publication.

CORRESPONSALIA: This was the name given to agencies in their early days.

COHESION: Union between individuals in a group. The totality of changes of force which have the effect of holding together the members of a group and resisting against the forces of disintegration. (Linguistics): Cohesion is the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic representation of text connectivity processes.

COHERENCE: It is a condition that is constructed in interaction, in a communicative situation. It could be seen as a theory about the meaning of a text posed from the point of view that language users possess the communicative competence necessary to access comprehension and production.

CODE: Codes are social strategies for the use of linguistic elements that must be adapted to the situation.

CODING: It consists essentially of translating the ideas from the source and giving them meaning. This is usually done through the motor skills of the sender, who uses his vocal mechanisms to produce words or his muscular system to produce written words or gestures. The basic concept is to compare, sell, produce and finance. Management control assesses whether these four activities are carried out efficiently.

COMMUNICATION: The three social functions of social communication are: 1. inspection of the environment; 2. correlation of different parts of society in response to the environment; and 3. transmission of social inheritance from one generation to another. All communication behavior has as a purpose, as a goal, the production of a response.

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETITION: The term was introduced by Hymes (1971) to refer to the knowledge and ability of speakers to use the semiotic systems available to them as members of a given socio-cultural community.

UNDERSTANDING: It consists of saying messages in soft, without euphemisms, it is the language that we learned with our parents. Thus, there will be neither "quasi fiscal deficit" nor "epidemic outbreaks" nor "labor re-engineering".

DEVIATIONIST CONDUCT: Any behavior that deviates from the norms can be deviation that are the variations that are located outside the field of the behaviors generally tolerated by the group with respect to this or that way.

MANAGEMENT CONTROL: Control process used by companies to measure whether the real management result responds to the parameters established by the management of the firm and whether it is reasonable in comparison with the different indicators of another company in the same sector.

SHORT-TERM: Framework of reference for immediate actions. It covers a period of six to eighteen months. It is generally reflected in the annual budget period.

COUNTRY: Socio-economic situation at the time of the analysis.

CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCE: Key factor for establishing effective communication. Credibility of the source means the degree of faith and trust that the recipient has in the sender of a message and the effect that this trust has on the recipient.

CROSS SELLING: Cross-selling of different products to a portfolio of clients.

BODY (Referring to the letters): Size of the letters and other characters that can appear in a text.

BODY OF THE NEWS: Second part of the news where the data of the entry is extended. The data are written in decreasing interest.

CORPORATE CULTURE: It is a pattern of behavior that generates modalities of belief, thought, action, acts as an organism.

STRATEGIC DECISIONS: These are those that establish the general orientation of an organization and its maximum viability, considering the changes (predictable and unpredictable) that may occur in the areas of its interest or competence. They are the ones that shape the goals of the organization and contribute to determining the broad limits where it will operate.

DECODIFICATION: Means a new translation of a message in a form that the recipient can use. In face-to-face communication the encoder is the set of motor skills used by the source, while the set of sensory skills used by the receiver is the decoder. The source encodes when using spoken or written language; the receiver decodes when listening or reading.

STRATEGIC DIAGNOSIS: Determines what are the main problems afflicting society or organization and the alternative courses of action for their solution. The tools used can be grouped into qualitative and quantitative methods.

DIFFUSION: It is the capacity that the media have to bring contents closer to social consumers. In the case of the press, to readers.

PROJECTIVE DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis that also includes the prognosis.

HUMAN DIGNITY: Refers to the values of each human person as an end in itself; and not simply to achieve the organization's objectives while respecting their dignity and personal interests.

ARGUMENTATIVE STATEMENT: Emphasizes the persuasive, i.e. acts as a strong pressure on the recipient.

EDITION: In the case of the press, it is the product, or the set of copies printed from the same molds or plates.

Some publications offer different editions.

An edition is also understood to be the action of elaborating and organizing the content of a page, section or complete publication.

EDITOR: A journalist in charge of checking whether the information is correct in terms of content, sources and wording.

EDITORIAL: Opinion of the media on one or more topics of interest.

Article expressing the opinion of the newspaper. It is composed in line longer than the natural column and depending on the value of the body of composition of the newspaper receives a slightly larger spacing.

EMPATHY: It is the imaginary projection of one's own consciousness within another being, and in the act of communication, the other being is the receiver.

EMPOWERMENT: Empower the employees of the organization (especially those at intermediate levels) so that they can make more decisions.

OPENING PARAGRAPH OR START: First part of the news, where the five Anglo-Saxon double we are collected, Who, What, When, Where, Why.

INTERVIEW: An informational genre based on the statements of a source (interviewee), which takes the form of a public being.

EQUILIBRIO DE LA NOTICIA: Multiplicity of sources, it is important to know of both parts to give the balance of the news that the public draws its own conclusions.

STRATEGY: Pattern or plan that integrates the objectives and policies of an organization. It also establishes a co...

Table of contents

• About the author
• Introduction to edition
• The object of the theory of communication
• There are two traditions that address this issue
• The communicative capacity is reached when
• The advantages of the communicative process
• The risks of the communicative process:
• Communication has allowed transmission of knowledge
• Differences between animal and human communication
• History
• Shannon
• Entropy and information
• Theory of communication
• Phylogenesis
• Keys in the process of evolution
• Theories on the origin of language
• Ontogenesis (ontogenetic development)
• Ontogenetically three periods are distinguished
• The process of acquiring communicative competence is influenced by:
• Language and thought are intimately related
• The communication as a system
• A system is a set of interrelated elements
• Processes and models
• Analysis
• Scolari
• John B. Thompson.
• Differences between the lived experience and the media experience
• The influence of the technologies in the culture
• The media as extensions of the human senses
• Who finances the development of mass media?
• Agenda setting
• Causes of this evolution
• Theory of Agenda setting
• This theory was raised by Shaw and McCombs
• Types of agenda
• Functions of the media for audience uses
• Part of works of Katz, Blumer and Gurevitch
• E. Katz, G. Blumer and M. Gurevitch
• Three main sections of study
• Rubin (1984) studied the reasons why people watch TV
• Violence in the media
• The Spiral of Silence
• Why does this happen?
• Climate of Opinion
• Do people really fear isolation?
• Results
• Observation and communication
• Communication: system and process of interaction
• Behavior: combination of actions
• The communication covers various models
• Functionalist theory and structuralist theory
• Elements of the theory of Shannon
• Source types
• Message
• Information
• Sociology and communication
• Within the interaction we find two types
• Dependency Relationships: cause-and-effect relationship
• We can distinguish two theoretical currents: idealistic and
• The social process of communication
• Internal and external components
• The veracity and verifiability of reference data
• Social theories about communication
• Journalistic mediation
• Types of behavior
• Types of acts
• The collective behaviors
• Components of communicative Interactions
• There are two types of technological instruments
• Phenomenology of the communication
• Communication needs some natural conditions
• Semiotic table
• Concept of paradigm of Kuhn
• What to observe and examine
• Kuhnian model of scientific development
• Functionalist Model
• Structuralist Model
• Characteristics of the structuralism
• Example of a structural model: the model of Levi - Strauss
• Systemic Model
• The model of Watzlawick
• The intra-community verifiability
• Different modes of communication
• The production of social news
• Communication, Technology and Society
• Signals
• Communication - Information technology
• Five differentiated elements
• Five great features
• Knowledge of the systems of information transmission
• Specific supports
• Factors of inefficiency of the papyrus
• The copyists and xylographers
• The invention of the printing press and its consequences
• Technological innovations of Gutenberg
• Seven main elements
• The case of Spain
• The printing press in the 16th century
• Printing press in the 17th and 18th centuries
• The composition systems
• Manual composition
• Manual composition process
• Linotype and monotype
• Perforated Tape System
• Photocomposition
• The electronic drafting
• Structure of the new composition:
• The printing system
• Typography
• It has three elements
• It has two phases
• Rotogravure
• The Offset
• This form will be obtained as follows:
• Disadvantages
• Factors in the historical evolution of graphic journalism
• Social factor
• According to its form
• The treatment of the photograph in the newspaper
• Printing of photographs
• Characteristics
• The application of color in the written press
• The process of introducing color
• Disadvantages
• Treatment of color in the written press
• Composition
• Color in journalistic photography
• Definitions in technology
• New communication technologies
• The Internet
• The App
• Wikis
• Facebook
• Discussion forums on the Net
• Blogs
• Twitter
• Tumblr
• Photojournalism 2.0
• Flickr, Instagram and Pinterest
• Instagram and photojournalism
• Flickr and Photojournalism
• Pinterest and photojournalism
• Radio and TV Journalism 2.0
• Relationship with journalism 2.0
• Television journalism 2.0
• Video journalism 2.0
• YouTube
• Vimeo
• Skype
• Digital Books
• 2.0 Technologies
• Journalists 2.0
• File Formats
• Glossary of terms and concepts
• Terms
• Concepts
• Bibliography