Identity (and Other) Lessons:
Creative Writing in the Classroom
as a Door into the Poetry of Ralph Salisbury
Ingrid Wendt
My goal here is to provide teachers and intermediaries working at the secondary and university levels, with materialsâa handful of poems by Cherokee-Irish-English-American, pacifist, and environmentalist writer Ralph Salisburyâand teaching suggestions to aid in their efforts to change studentsâ stereotyped ideas and misconceptions of contemporary Native Americans.
Though Salisbury, whose primary tribal identity was Cherokee, authored three books of short fiction and a prize-winning book-length autobiography, this paper will focus exclusively on poems selected from his 11 books of poetry. The selections, which appear at the end of the article, are short, accessible, and lend themselves well to class discussion. Their themes are wide-ranging, from the personal to the global, and give evidence of Salisburyâs stance (to quote scholar Arnold Krupat) as a âCherokee Humanist and Indigenous Cosmopolitan.â
The subject matter and themes in these selected poems recur throughout Salisburyâs entire oeuvre. Some poems even do double or triple or quadruple duty. They can be categorized in the following ways:
1) cultural misunderstandings and personal confusions of mixed-raced identity (âSometimes Likely,â âWith the Rain and the Sun,â âMedicine Meeting, Hoopa,â âAn American-Indian Success Story in Indiaâ);
2) a commitment to preventing his âVanishing Americanâ heritage, along with his peopleâs history of genocide and oppression, from being totally erased (âSwimming in the Morning News,â âMedicine-Meeting, Hoopa, 1994,â âRespecting Uktena,â);
3) Salisburyâs sense of kinship with indigenous people around the world (âA Coastal Temple Ruin, 1992,â âMedicine-Meeting, Hoopa, 1994â âWith the Wind and the Sunâ);
4) the cyclical nature of peace and war, plus the lingering trauma of warâs aftermath, as experienced by himself, by family members, and by total strangers (âFor Robert Wessels,â âOld German Woman, Some Wars,â âMy Brotherâs Poem: Vietnamese War, 1969,â âWith the Wind and the Sunâ);
5) Salisburyâs pacifist stance and his condemnation of United States imperialism as the force that drove his country into the Vietnam War and that still drives US military engagement in the Middle East (âMy Brotherâs Poem: Vietnamese W, 1969,â âMy Country Again Threatening Aggression,â âSwimming in the Morning Newsâ);
6) Salisburyâs compassion for all victims of all warsâcivilians and combatantsâon both sides (âMy Brotherâs Poem: Vietnamese War, 1969,â âFor Robert Wessels,â âOld German Woman, Some Warsâ);
7) his environmentalism
8) his belief in the sacred oneness and interconnectedness of all creation (âAwakened by Cell Phone,â âAround the Sun, the Alaskan Oil-Spill,â âRespecting Uktenaâ);
9) Salisburyâs belief in the fusion of Past and Future time, within each Present moment (âA Genesis,â âAwakened by Cell Phone,â âAround the Sun, the Alaskan Oil-Spill,â âSwimming in the Morning Newsâ); and
10) his wish âto saveâ whatever was in his power to save, be it immediateâgirls drowning or someone falling from a tramâbe it historical or long term. He believed his destiny in life was, through his writings of protest and affirmation, to save the sacred earth from destruction by nuclear warfare and/or the human greed that has led to todayâs existential climate crisis. (âSwimming in the Morning News,â âA Coastal Temple Ruin, 1991,â âOld German Woman, Some Wars,â âMedicine-Meeting, Hoopa, 1994,â âAround the Sun, the Alaskan Oil-Spillâ).
More than once Salisbury declared that his life and his writing were dedicated to the Tribe of the World, the Human Tribe. âThough I have lived and worked among the intelligentsia of many nations, my writing comes from having lived as a questing, mixed-race, working-class individual in a violent world, and my work is offered to the spirit of human goodness, which unites all people in the eternal struggle against evil, a struggle to prevail against global extinctionâ (Wendt âThe Vitruvian Manâ 143).
I will discuss six Salisbury poems: three that that focus on his mixed-race identity and three that focus on his stance as an environmental activist, condemning what he saw as the root cause of the climate crisis: greed. But first, I will also describe, in detail, a classroom approach that can be used to teach the other poems in this paper. Its purpose is to help teachers help their students to gain not only a better understanding of Salisburyâs work, as it stands alone, but also of its universality: of the possible parallels between the poetâs views and experiences, and their own.
Readers will also find, at the end of this article, a condensed bibliography and abbreviated biographical information about Ralph Salisbury, who is still, even after his death in 2017, widely acclaimed throughout North American literary and university circles, both within the world of Native American publishing, and beyond.
THE SEVEN BASIC STEPS: A CLASSROOM STRATEGY USING POEMS AS SPRINGBOARDS FOR WRITING
The Philosophy
After many years of teaching poetry writing in hundreds of elementary through graduate school classrooms, across the US, as well as in Germany, Italy, and Spain; having been a 3-time Fulbright professor at the Universities of Frankfurt/Main and Freiburg, Germany; and having taught classes in undergraduate poetry writing as well as classes for future and practicing ESL teachers on how to teach poetry writing in the classroom, I summarize my basic approach as a sequence of seven steps, which I give farther below (see also Wendt Starting With Little Things).
As an âaside,â I have noticed, while teaching in Europe, a resistance among some educators to the idea that poetry writing can be taught. (Perhaps they forget the centuries-old tradition of the painterâs apprentice.) The talent for writing is inborn, they say. If it is genuine, they say, talent will emerge, on its own. If the talent is not there, forget it. My reply has been that most healthy young people can ride a bicycle, with just a bit of help. Not all of them, however, have the will, the drive, the physique, and the love of cycling needed to become world-class champions. Knowing this, would we withhold instructions that might give all young people access to cycling for the sake of pleasure and/or cutting carbon emissions?
Ralph Salisbury
My philosophy is that within each student lies a vast, untapped reservoir of creativity. With just a few suggestions, a few instructions, students can experience just a bit of the pleasure of writing something like poetry and feel more secure in their own creativity. The bonus? They are also learning about the poems we use as examples, about the subjects and themes under discussion.
In-Class Writing Activity: One Central Ground Rule
One of my own mentors, the great American poet William Stafford, is famously known for his cure for writersâ block. When he gets stuck, he said, he just lowers his standards. He didnât mean his standards didnât rise again, during the revision process. But we are not planning to revise right now. Students can do this later, on their own, if they wish.
Central to the success of any and all in-class writing activities, is the understanding that first drafts/experiments canât happen when impulses are not followed, when the mind is not allowed to wander, when pre-editing happens in the middle of a sentence or before, when students let perfectionism get in the way of creation, or if they worry about merit, or teacher expectations, or grades, or peer pressure.
So, adapting Staffordâs practice to the classroom, I tell the students: âAvoid writerâs block: lower your standards! Take what comes, follow what Stafford called âthe golden thread.â Let the mind wander. This is sometimes called âfree associationâ or âstream of consciousnessâ.â
Convincing students they can do this is, of course, easier said than done.
Iâve Learned:
⢠to say weâll be doing a writing âexperimentâ or âexercise,â or âactivity,â especially if I sense that students think that writing poetry is only for special people, or if they seem to be intimidated or afraid of failure.
⢠to use the terms âdraftâ or âfirst draft.â
⢠to say, âWhat we write may or may not look like a poem; no worries.â
⢠to set a time limit: 10 or 15 minutes, no more.
⢠to say, âIf English is not your first language, write in your native tongue; translate later, if you wish. Or if you wish to write in English, insert a word in your native tongue, if youâre not sure of the translation.â
⢠to say, âWrite down whatever comes to your head. Even if the words that pop to mind arenât inspiring, get them out of your head and onto the page, so youâre free to move on. Other things will follow, and one of them might be worth keeping.â Thereâs something about hand movement that gets the creative juices flowing.
⢠to say, âNo rhyming unless itâs impossible to avoid.â
⢠to say, âSo itâs messy, so what? This is brainstorming. Cross out your mistakes. Erasing takes time.â
⢠âIf you donât know how to spell a word, circle it. Please do not lose time by looking it up.â
⢠to say, âYou wonât be graded, but everyone needs to do this writing, for the experiment to work, and I need to give your credit. Your names must be on your work, and your writing needs to be turned when itâs done.â
⢠to say, âYou may, however, in the eyes of the class, remain anonymous.â
The Practice
The following sequence of seven steps is geared to a classroom period of 1½ hours. It might be necessa...