Concise Encyclopedia of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Roberto Patarca Montero

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• eBook ISBN: 9781000156669
• Topic: Medicina
• Subtopic: Neurología

Are you in touch with the latest CFS information?The Concise Encyclopedia of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome summarizes current knowledge about Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) to help doctors and those working with CFS patients become familiar with recent developments and lessons learned about this and related fatiguing disorders. The information has been thoughtfully organized so that you will be able to easily access and become familiar with highlights of the most relevant topics.The Concise Encyclopedia of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome will bring you up-to-date on advances in cardiovascular medicine, endocrinology, epidemiology, immunology, infectious diseases, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology which have served as the basis for the formulation of new lines of research and novel therapeutic interventions for CFS. You'll find valuable information on the A-to-Z of CFS in the Concise Encyclopedia of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, including the relationships between:

• AIDS and fatigue
• brain injury and fatigue
• cancer and fatigue as well as:
• demographics of CFS
• interstitial cystitis
• MAO inhibitors
• neuropsychology of CFS
• psychosocial measures
• stress factors
• tumor necrosis factors ...and much moreComprehensive and thorough, the Concise Encyclopedia of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome highlights areas that need more research and gives you greater awareness of this widespread and growing problem. This compendium will educate and create greater CFS awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public.

I

Iceland disease:

Iceland disease or Akureyri disease is characterized by prolonged chronic fatigue that results in anxiety disorders following infection. The more serious psychiatric disorders (agoraphobia with panic attacks, agoraphobia without panic attacks, social phobia, simple phobia, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence) do not seem to play a major role in the long run.¹

Illness beliefs:

The literature on the role of illness beliefs/attributions on the part of both patients and health care professionals is widely divided and some have gone as far as suggesting that chronic fatigue is merely a question of attribution.¹–³ The findings in a study⁴ of 60 CFS patients suggested that physical illness attributions were less important in determining outcome (at least in treatment studies), and that good outcome was associated with change in avoidance behavior and related beliefs, rather than causal attributions. Another study⁵ of 137 CFS patients concluded that the belief that one’s actions can influence outcomes modified the relationship between illness accommodation and both fatigue and impairment; adverse outcomes were associated with accommodating to illness only in the context of lower levels of perceived control. It was suggested, therefore, that interventions that either discourage avoidance of activity or enhance perceived control could benefit the course of the illness. A series of regression analyses in one study⁶ showed illness representations to be stronger predictors of adaptive outcome than coping scores.

Some studies emphasize the patient’s attributions of disease as the cause for symptomatology. For instance, a study⁷ of 153 women from the Toronto area who were attending a women’s health symposium yielded an overwhelming endorsement of social determinants as the cause of their persistent fatigue. Although depression and anxiety formed the most robust associations with persistent fatigue in primary care and community studies, women in this sample ranked these factors in seventh place in their attributions. Similarly, although physicians often assume physical causes for fatigue, women rank physical health low in their own attributions. A study⁸ comparing medical records of 133 CFS and 75 multiple sclerosis permanent health insurance claimants and 162 nonclaimant controls cases showed that CFS patients recorded significantly more illnesses at time of proposal for insurance than the two control groups, and had significantly more claims between proposal and diagnosis of their disorder. These observations led the authors to conclude that there is no support for a specific viral or immunological explanation for CFS and that abnormal illness behavior is of great importance.

Other studies have emphasized the role of the physician in disease perpetuation. For instance, a study⁹ of 2,097 individuals in the Netherlands found that more psychosocially attributed fatigue was found to correlate with consultations characterized by less physical examination, more diagnostic procedures to reassure, fewer diagnostic procedures to discover underlying pathology, more counseling, less medical treatment, less prescription, and a longer duration than consultations with more somatically attributed fatigue. The study concluded that general practitioners do not discriminate between social groups when attributing fatigue to either somatic or psychosocial causes. The presence and character of other complaints and underlying diseases/problems, rather, relate to the general practitioners’ somatic psychosocial attributions, which are then associated with particular aspects of the consultation. Research in one study¹⁰ of 609 CFS patients suggested several patterns of relationships between doctors and patients, and attitudes to health and illness, which may alert doctors to patients’ perceptions, beliefs, encoded constructs, and patterns of relating that affect responses to treatment. The study suggested that more attention from doctors to patients who are experiencing the stress of chronic illness is indicated. The latter view is reinforced by another study¹¹ that found that CFS patients complained about insufficient informational as well as emotional support from their doctors and, as a consequence, most opted for alternative or complementary forms of treatment. In addition, disagreements over illness etiology and treatment precluded effective cooperation.

Some studies have addressed the influence of illness attributions by family members on the disease process. A study¹² of adolescents with CFS in the Netherlands concluded that factors contributing to the persistence of fatigue are somatic attributions, illness-enhancing cognitions, and behavior of parents as well as physical inactivity. The role of the physician and the role of parents can enhance the problems. The treatment should focus on decreasing the somatic attributions, on reinforcement by the parents of healthy adolescent behavior, on the gradual increase of physical activity, and on decreasing attention (including medical attention) for the somatic complaints. A women’s study¹³ showed that some women respondents were able to identify specific ways in which family and important others could help them to decrease or prevent their fatigue. However, many expressed the belief that significant others were unconcerned and unwilling to assist them in any substantive way. Analysis of responses in one study¹⁴ of 66 CFS participants indicated that, whereas the most commonly described explanation for the illness was a physical one, more than half the patients also believed “stress” had played a role. Patients believed that they could partially control the symptoms by reducing activity, but felt helpless to influence the physical disease process and hence the course of the illness. Patients reported that they had arrived at these beliefs about the illness after prolonged reflection on their own experiences combined with the reading of media reports, self-help books, and patient group literature. The views of health professionals played a relatively small role.

In conclusion, attribution contributes to the course of CFS, but it is not its sole determinant.¹⁵ The presence of strong somatic attributions appears to be one of the perpetuating factors in CFS, but not the only one. Many CFS patients present a self-diagnosis. Communication problems...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents Page
• About the Author Page
• Preface Page
• List of Abbreviations Page
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and fatigue
• Age
• Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
• Akureyri disease
• Allergies
• Amantadine
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Arginine vasopressin
• Anxiety disorders
• Apoptosis
• Atopy
• Attention
• Attributions
• Autoantibodies
• Autoimmunity
• Autonomic function
• Beta-2 microglobulin
• Blood volume
• Borna disease virus (BDV)
• Brain injury and fatigue
• Brain positron emission tomography (PET)
• Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)
• Cancer and fatigue
• Cardiovascular deconditioning
• Celiac disease
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), definition
• Ciguatera
• Circadian rhythms
• Circulating immune complexes
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Cognitive function
• Concentration
• Connective tissue and rheumatologic disorders
• Coping
• Core body temperature
• Coronary artery disease
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
• Cortisol
• Creatine
• Cyanocobalamin
• Cysteine
• Cytokines
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Daytime sleepiness
• Demographics
• Dental amalgam fillings
• Depression
• Dermatomyositis
• Dexamethasone
• Dieting disorders
• Disability
• Energy expenditure
• Enteroviruses
• Environmental chemicals
• Eosinophils
• Epidemiology
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Exercise
• Familial chronic fatigue syndrome
• Fatigue
• Fibromyalgia
• Folic acid
• Fluoxetine
• Food intolerance
• Gait
• Gastric emptying
• Gastrointestinal pathology
• Gender
• Glandular fever
• Glucocorticoids
• Glutamine/L-Glutamine
• Glutathione
• Glycogen
• Glyconutrients
• Growth hormone (GH)
• Gulf War syndrome
• Gynecology
• Heart rate variability
• Herpesviruses
• HLA-DR
• Hirsutism
• Homocysteine
• Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)
• Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7)
• Hydrocortisone
• Hyperventilation
• Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
• Hypothyroidism
• Iceland disease
• Illness beliefs
• Immune cell phenotypic distributions
• Immunoglobulins
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Information processing
• Inner ear disorders
• Inomapil
• Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
• Interferons (IFNs)
• Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and soluble IL-1 receptors
• Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptor
• Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
• Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor
• Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
• Interstitial cystitis
• Ion channels
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Juvenile onset chronic fatigue syndrome
• Lactate
• Lead poisoning
• Learning
• Lentiviruses
• Light therapy
• Low cysteine-glutathione syndrome
• Lung function
• Lymphocytes
• Magnesium
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Marital relationship
• Melatonin
• Memory
• Menstrual Cycle
• Midodrine
• Mitochondria
• Moclobemide
• Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
• Monocytes
• Motor function
• Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Muscle fibers
• Muscle physiology
• Myalgic encephalomyelitis
• Mycoplasma
• Myofascial pain
• Natural killer (NK) cells
• Neopterin
• Neurally mediated hypotension
• Neurasthenia
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neurofeedback treatment
• Neuroimaging
• Neurophysiology
• Neuropsychology
• Neutrophils
• Nighttime hypotension
• Nitric oxide
• Nutrition
• Occupational medicine
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Ovarian cysts
• Overtraining
• Pain
• Parvovirus B19
• Pediatric chronic fatigue syndrome
• Personality traits
• Phosphate
• Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• Physical activity
• Platelet volume
• Polio vaccination
• Polycystic ovarian syndrome
• Polysomnography
• Post-dialysis fatigue
• Post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLS)
• Post-polio syndrome
• Post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome
• Postural tachycardia syndrome
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Prevalence
• Progesterone
• Prognosis
• Prolactin
• Protein kinase RNA (PKR)
• Prozac
• Psychiatric morbidity
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Psychopathology
• Psychosocial measures
• Psychosomatic disorders
• Q fever
• Quality of life (QOL)
• Red blood cell distribution width
• Red blood cell mass
• Regulation of respiration
• Rehabilitation
• REM sleep
• Reticular activating system
• Rh blood group
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rhinitis
• RNase L
• Ross River virus
• Seasonal affective disorder
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Selegeline
• Self-efficacy
• Serotonin
• Sick building syndrome (SBS)
• Silicone breast implants
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Sleep
• Socioeconomic status
• Sociosomatics
• Soluble CDS (sCD8)
• Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1)
• Somatization
• Somatoform disorder
• Somatomedin C
• Spasmophilia
• SPECT SCAN
• Spleen
• Stealth viruses
• Stress
• Sub-anaerobic threshold exercise test
• Sympathetic hypersensitivity
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Tapanui flu
• Temporomandibular disorders
• Testosterone
• Thyroxine
• Transfer factors (TFs)
• Tryptophan
• Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
• Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and soluble TNF receptors
• Tyrosine
• Urinary metabolites
• Vitamins
• Yersinia
• Notes
• Index