Removal of Pollutants from Saline Water

Treatment Technologies

Shaik Feroz, Detlef W. Bahnemann, Shaik Feroz, Detlef W. Bahnemann

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781032028361
• eBook ISBN: 9781000520644
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Removal of Pollutants from Saline Water: Treatment Technologies provides a comprehensive understanding of technologies that are currently adopted in the treatment of pollutants present in saline water systems. It provides information on the treatment technologies for saline water systems, including seawater, brackish water, oil-produced water, and other industrial saline wastewaters.

FEATURES

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• Presents information exclusively for saline water pollutant removal

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• Introduces current treatment technologies and addresses why and how the techniques differ between fresh and salt water

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• Offers an inclusive overview of physicochemical, biological, membrane, and advanced oxidation treatment technologies

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• Features various perspectives and case studies from relevant global experts

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• Provides a comprehensive one-stop source for the treatment of pollutants in all saline water systems

Aimed at students, academicians, researchers, and practicing engineers in the fields of chemical, civil, marine, and environmental engineering who wish to be acquainted with the most recent developments in the treatment of pollutants present in saline water systems.

Prof. Dr. Shaik Feroz works at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He has 30 years of experience in teaching, research, and industry. He has more than 190 publications to his credit in journals and conferences of international repute. He was awarded "Best Researcher" by Caledonian College of Engineering for the year 2014.

Prof. Dr. Detlef W. Bahnemann is Head of the Research Unit, Photocatalysis and Nanotechnology at Leibniz University Hannover (Germany), Director of the Research Institute "Nanocomposite Materials for Photonic Applications" at Saint Petersburg State University (Russian Federation), and Distinguished Professor at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology in Xi'an (People's Republic of China). His research topics include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, solar chemistry, and photochemistry focused on synthesis and physical-chemical properties of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. His 500-plus publications have been cited more than 65, 000 times (h-index: 100).

Foreword #1

Salts and minerals are essential for life. We find them everywhere in nature and industrial processes. Even if most of the worldwide water is not useful to quench our thirst because of salinity and it is often seen as an impurity salts are increasingly recovered from water and wastewater as valuable materials. Besides the improving effort to reach Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to improve desalination processes, the reduction of pollutants from saline water is becoming of higher importance.

The first time when I observed the challenges in the removal of pollutants in saline water and wastewater was during my doctoral studies at the Institute for Solar Energy Research Hameln/Hannover and later at the Institute of Technical Chemistry at the University of Hannover, where also the path of the authors Feroz Shaik and Detlef W. Bahnemann and myself came across. During the scientific experiments with photochemical reactors, we often had to recognize the effect of salinity on the photochemical degradation of impurities. A book with an overview of removing pollutants from saline water would have helped me a lot that time.

Therefore, I am very happy to find with this book about the removal of pollutants from saline water an overview dealing with scientific background and findings as well as technical processes and solutions for typical applications. Seawater, brackish water, oil produced, and other industrial saline wastewater are often treated with classical membrane, ion exchange, evaporation, or electrodialysis technologies, while further advanced technologies are arising. The engagement to treat industrial wastewater is increasing worldwide. Typical water and wastewaters with the need for desalination or with high contamination of salts are found in seawater desalination, in well water of the oil and gas industry, in food processing like conserving food, in leather tanneries landfill leachates, and others.

To find more economical and useful solutions to treat saline water and to recover salts for further usage, we need advanced technologies to remove also pollutants from saline water, especially for Zero Liquid Discharge processes. This book summarizes the actual knowledge of scientific insights and applied technologies.

Dr.-Ing. Gerd Sagawe

June 24, 2021

EnviroChemie, Member of the Board (1996-2021)

German Water Partnership, Member of the Board

VDMA, Member of the Board of directors of Water and Wastewater Technology Department

Foreword #2

Water is a precious and life-saving component needed for the survival of life on the earth. Of late, as its existence is in question due to overutilization and pollution, there is an extensive need for recovery process and saline water naturally becomes an obvious attractive abundant source to be dealt with for treatment.

This book is a collection of various technologies that are implemented to treat the pollutants present in saline water. The authors and editors put up tremendous efforts in bringing up this unique manuscript in front of academicians and practicing professionals. Most of the text written is based on the real-time experiences of the contributors. I am delighted to present this book to the global audience. My heartiest congratulations to the editors for coming with this brilliant idea and best wishes for this book and their future endeavors. I am proud to see the success of my beloved student Dr. Shaik Feroz (one of the editors of this book) in presenting his fourth book.

Prof. V.S.R.K. Prasad

Director

Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy

India.

June 10, 2021

Preface

The challenge of providing and ensure clean, fresh water is rapidly growing worldwide due to increase in population growth. Urbanization and subsequent growth in industrial activities have created tremendous stress on water resources. Water, which is the vital commodity for the very existence of life on earth and a necessity for economic, social development, and environmental sustainability, is becoming scarce. As per published reports, the Earth’s hydrosphere represents 1.38 billion km³ of water. About 97% of Earth’s hydrosphere is seawater, with oceans covering approximately 71% of Earth’s surface. Fresh water covers 3% of the hydrosphere, with 69.5% in the form of ice or permanent snow. The other 30.1% is groundwater estimated at 10 million km³. Lakes and rivers represent 0.4% of freshwater resources, i.e., around one 1/150000th of water on Earth.

Water availability includes the issues of both water quantity and quality. Desalination of saline water, which includes seawater, brackish water, and industrial saline water, offers the potential to add significantly to freshwater availability in the regions of the world where water availability is scarce. Desalination technologies are expensive and once considered as a last resort solution are becoming increasingly affordable. Saline water normally consists of a variety of chemical components at different concentration levels depending on the source and geographical locations. The salinity and chemical composition widely vary among seawater, brackish water, and industrial saline water. The quality of raw feed water plays a vital role in desalination process and the technology used. The minimum the pollutants present, especially the scaling and fouling potential compounds, the better the efficiency of desalination process. Therefore, it is bound to remove or treat the pollutants present in raw saline water before being fed to desalination process. The disposal of industrial saline wastewater is another major challenging aspect. Saline wastewater and concentrated brine solutions from various industrial sources have become a serious cause of pollution and a threat to coastal and surface water ecosystems. These saline industrial wastewaters are posing serious disposal problems with growing human health and environmental concerns. The disposed saline wastewaters can harm the marine environment. The pollutants present in the industrial saline wastewater need to be treated before disposal.

Keeping in view the importance of the removal of pollutants present in saline water other than salts, the idea of this textbook has come into force. Most of the books available are on desalting of saline water and not much reported on the treatment of pollutants present in various saline waters. This book is broadly classified into three sections. Chapters 2–9 in the first section are entirely focused on seawater. Characteristics of seawater, nature of pollutants, assessment of scaling, and fouling potential of pollutants present in seawater are discussed. Treatment technologies including novel green technologies for the removal of pollutants from seawater. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the process parameters are presented. Section II involving Chapters 10 and 11 emphasizes solely on brackish water. Characteristics and technologies employed for the removal of pollutants from brackish waters are presented. Chapters 12–20 of Section III covers the characteristics of various industrial saline wastewaters. Treatment technologies employed for the removal of pollutants from different industrial saline wastewaters are discussed.

In many ways, this text is collective of the latest and advanced information on various technologies/techniques/methods that are adopted for the removal of pollutants from saline waters (seawater, brackish water, and industrial saline wastewaters) including some aspects of desalting. The text also involves some case studies on industrial assessment techniques for scaling and fouling. AI and RSM techniques to optimize the process parameters are presented. Application of polymer composites, natural and low-cost adsorbents, and natural plants for the removal of pollutants present in saline waters are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This book could not have come into reality without the contribution of a number of persons directly and indirectly. All their works and support are duly acknowledged here.

The editors express sincere thanks to Dr. Gerd Sagawe and Dr. V.S.R.K. Prasad for providing the forewords to this book.

Thanks to family members and friends for their kind support in all means.

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1

OPW

Oil-produced water

Chapter 2

ACC

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

AEDS

Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome

AMPK

5-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

BOD

Biochemical oxygen demand

CIP7A1 gene

Hepatic cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase

COD

Chemical oxygen demand

DD

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

DO

Dissolved oxygen

EC

Electrical conductivity

HDL

High-density lipoprotein

HMGCR

3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase

IgE

Immunoglobulin E

IGF-1R

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

IL-1β

Interleukin 1 beta

IL-6

Interleukin 6

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein

MDA

Malondialdehyde

RBP4

Retinol binding protein 4

TC

Total cholesterol

TDI

Tolerable daily intake

TDS

Total dissolved solids

TEAC

Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity

TEWL

Transep...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Foreword #1
• Foreword #2
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• List of Abbreviations
• Editors
• Contributors
• SECTION I Seawater
• SECTION II Brackish Water
• SECTION III Industrial Saline Wastewater
• Index