Legal Regulation of Hazardous Substances

Ahmad, Furqan

• Publisher: Daya Publishing House
• Year: 2021
• eBook ISBN:
  9789351300144
• Topic: Política y relaciones internacionales
• Subtopic: Instituciones políticas y administración pública

Environmentally sound management of hazardous substances is a key challenge before policy makers, regulators, implementers, industry workers, and the affected people. The toxic pollution unleashed in Bhopal, Bichri, Patencheru, Kanpur, and many more such toxic hotspots in India led to the strengthening of legal regime for the "Regulation of Environmental Pollution Caused by Hazardous Substances in India". This volume elaborates upon the concept, causes and consequences of hazardous substances; analyses the relevant international legal regime for the management of hazardous substances; presents a succinct overview of the environmental and safety legislations; critically examines the common law and statutory liability and compensation regime through decided cases; elucidates the disputes settlement mechanism in India and finally offers findings and suggestions towards strengthening the legal and regulatory mechanism for hazardous substances in India. An added feature of the book is the systematic and concise treatment of plethora of delegated legislation made under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, such as the rules pertaining to hazardous wastes, hazardous chemicals, genetically modified organisms, biomedical wastes etc. The author has made all attempts to keep the book updated and in doing so has also provided a review of the Law Commission of India's recent proposal to constitute Environment Courts in India, as also the National Environment Policy, 2006. The book would be highly useful to practitioners, legal researchers, activist, scientific community, industry and other interested persons.

Table of contents

• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• Table of Cases
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Hazardous Substance: Concept, Causes and Consequences
• I. Nature and Concept of Hazardous Substance
• 1. General
• 2. Conceptual Analysis
• (i) Concept at International Level
• (ii) Concept in India
• (iii) Concept in Foreign Countries
• (iv) Hazardous Material
• (v) Classification
• (vi) Definition of Hazardous Wastes
• II. Nature of Hazard and Taxicity
• III. Formation and Consequences of Hazardous Substances
• IV. Standard Criteria in Measuring the Toxic Substances
• V. Hazardous Process
• 3. Control of Hazardous Substances at International Level
• I. International Institutions
• 1. The United Nations Charter, 1945
• 2. U.N. Conference on Human Environment (UNCHE), Stockholm, 1972
• 3. General Assembly Resolutions
• 4. Penang Declaration, 1980
• 5. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• 6. Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer, 1985
• 7. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987
• 8. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989
• 9. Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and thei Disposal, 1999
• 10. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade, 1989
• 11. The Earth Summit, 1992
• 12. Kyoto Protocol, 1997
• 13. The 1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in In ernational Trade
• 14. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2004
• II. Development of the Doctrine sic utere tuo ut alienum non leadas: Journey from Stockholm to Rio
• 4. Legal Regulation of Hazardous Substances at National Level
• I. General Statutes
• 1. The Oriental Gas Company Act, 1857
• 2. The Indian Penal Code, 1860
• 3. The Indian Explosives Act, 1884
• 4. The Explosive Substances Act, 1908
• 5. The Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914
• 6. The Poisons Act, 1919
• 7. The Indian Boilers Act, 1923
• 8. The Petroleum Act, 1934
• 9. The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
• 10. The Factories Act, 1948
• 11. The Industries (Development & Regulation) Act, 1951
• 12. The Inflammable Substances Act, 1952
• 13. The Mines Act, 1952
• 14. Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957
• 15. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• 16. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• 17. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988
• II. Regulation under the Insecticides Act, 1968
• III. Regulation under Environmental Legislation
• 1. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• (i) Delegated Legislation Regulating Hazardous Substances under EPA
• (a) Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989
• (b) Bio-Medical Wastes (Management & Handing) Rules, 1998
• (c) Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989
• (d) Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Responses) Rules, 1996
• (e) Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-organisms or Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989
• (f) Provision Relating to Transportation of Hazardous Substances Under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
• (g) Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
• (ii) Delegated Legislation Regulating Hazardous Processes under EPA
• (a) Prohibition of Storage of Chemicals in Antop Hills at Bombay
• (b) Prohibition of Certain Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone
• (c) Notification Concerning Ecologically Fragile Areas
• (d) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• (e) Location, Siting, Shifting and Categorisation of Industries
• (f) Environment Friendly Products
• (g) Environmental Audit
• 2. National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
• III. Other Related Legislations
• 1. Atomic Energy Act, 1962
• 2. Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
• IV. National Environmental Awards
• V. Latest Policy
• 5. Safety Legislation and Environment
• I. The Factories Act, 1948
• II. The Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987
• III. Model Rules under the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987
• IV. Rules Amended by States under the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987 as per Model Rules
• V. Control of Industrial Major Accidents Hazards (CIMAH) Rules, 1990
• VI. Shortcomings of the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987
• 6. Liability and Compensation
• I. Common Law
• II. Principles of Liability in India
• 1. Civil Liability
• 2. Criminal Liability
• 3. Judicial Approach
• III. Liability for Industrial Disasters: Absolute Liability
• 1. Shriram Case
• 2. Bhopal Case
• 3. Bichary Case
• IV. Statutory Liability in India
• 1. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• 2. The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
• V. Determination of Compensation: Workable Criteria
• 1. Fatal Accidents Act, 1855
• 2. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923
• 3. Motor Vehicles Act, 1939
• 4. Criteria Laid Down in the Oleum Gas Case
• 5. The Bhopal Settlement
• 6. Suggested Model for Award of Compensation
• 7. Comparison with Compensation Models in USA
• 8. Lok Adalat Settlements of Claims
• 7. Administrative Machinery
• I. Pollution Control Boards
• 1. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
• 2. State Boards
• 3. Joint Boards
• 4. Pollution Control Committees
• 5. Control of Bio-Medical Waste
• 6. Environmental Audit
• II. Hazardous Micro-organism Control Committees
• III. Ministry of Environment and Forests
• 1. The Department of Environment
• 2. Coastal Area Management
• 3. Environmental Impact Assessment
• IV. Hazardous Factories and Chemicals Controlling Agencies
• 1. Chief Inspector and Factories Inspectorates
• 2. Directorate General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI)
• V. Authorities Controlling Motor Vehicles
• VI. Judicial Trend in Enforcement Mechanism
• 8. Adjudicatory Mechanism
• I. Forums for Settlement of Environmental Disputes
• 1. Civil Suits
• 2. Criminal Complaints
• 3. Writ Petitions
• 4. Citizens Suit
• 5. Public Interest Litigation
• 6. Collector
• 7. Tribunal
• 8. Appellate Authority
• 9. Environmental Courts
• II. Effectiveness of Adjudicatory Fora
• Epilogue
• Appendices
• Bibliography
• Index