Textbook of Environmental Sciences

Agarwal, Divya

• Publisher: Daya Publishing House
• Year: 2021
• eBook ISBN: 9789351301578
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Ecology
• Index: Biological Sciences

The Book is designed as per the requirement of the MTU, UPTU, undergraduate students who face great difficulty in reading, understanding and reproducing english language in the examination and as a reference book in environmental sciences. Thus, the book is specially written in very easy language, with clear-cut concepts to help inculcate the applications of environmental sciences in engineering curriculum to develop an approach towards green engineering, to enable our students preferred by market in the coming scenario of natural resource crunch. It is in accordance with examination pattern. The salient features of the book are: (1) Simpler English language (2) The content is accompanied by lots of flow diagrams. (3) Teaching of this subject with emphasis on Green Engineering. (4) Case studies. (5) Objective questions. (6) As per examination pattern..

Table of contents

• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• 1. Environment, Environmental Sciences and Ecology
• 1.1 Environment
• 1.2 Components of Environment
• 1.2.1 Atmosphere (Air)
• 1.2.2 Hydrosphere
• 1.2.3 Lithosphere
• 1.2.4 Biosphere
• 1.3 Environmental Sciences
• 1.3.1 Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Sciences
• 1.3.2 Scope of Environmental Sciences
• 1.3.3 Importance of Environmental Sciences
• 1.4 Ecosystem
• 1.4.1 Definition of Ecosystem
• 1.4.2 Concept of Balanced Ecosystem
• 1.4.3 Biosphere
• 1.4.4 Ecology
• 1.4.4.1 Understanding Ecology
• 1.4.5 Characterization of Ecosystems
• 1.4.5.1 Structure of Ecosystem
• 1.4.5.2 Food-Chains and Food-Web
• 1.4.5.3 Types of Ecosystem
• 1.4.6 Functions of an Ecosystem
• 1.4.7 Biogeochemical Cycling/Nutrient Cycling
• 1.4.7.1 Sulphur Cycle
• 1.4.7.2 Carbon cycle
• 1.4.7.3 Nitrogen Cycle
• 1.4.8 The Y-Shaped Energy Flow Model
• 1.4.9 Ecological Pyramids
• 2. Effect of Human Activities on Environment
• 2.1 Food, Shelter, Economic and Social Security
• 2.1.1 Food Security or Sustainable Food Supply System
• 2.1.2 Challenges to Food Security
• 2.1.3 Shelter Security
• 2.1.4 Economic Security
• 2.1.5 Social Security
• 2.2 Effect of Human Activities on Environment: Agriculture, Housing, Industry, Mining and Transportation Activities
• 2.2.1 Effect of Modern Agriculture on Environment
• 2.2.2 Effect of Housing on Environment
• 2.2.3 Effect of Power Generation on Environment
• 2.2.3.1 Effect of River Valley Projects (Water Resource Projects) on Environment
• 2.2.4 Effect of Mining on Environment
• 2.2.5 Effect of Transportation Activities on Environment
• 2.2.6 Effect of Tourism on Environment
• 3. Natural Resources
• 3.1 Types of Natural Resources
• 3.2 Natural Resources Availability and Problems or Natural Resource Crisis and Population Explosion
• 3.3 Water as a Vital Natural Resource
• 3.3.1 Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)
• 3.3.2 Availability and Quality Aspects (groundwater depletion)
• 3.3.3 Water-borne and Water-induced Diseases
• 3.3.4 Fluoride Problem in Drinking Water
• 3.3.5 Arsenic Problem in Drinking Water
• 3.4 Minerals as a Natural Resource
• 3.5 Forest as a Natural Resource
• 3.5.1 Over-Exploitation of Forest Resources
• 3.5.2 Conservation of Forest Resources
• 3.6 Food Resources
• 3.6.1 Conservation of Food Resources: Sustainable Agriculture (Organic-Farming) or Solution to Modern Agriculture
• 3.7 Land as an Important Natural Resource
• 3.7.1 Land Degradation
• 3.7.2 Wasteland Reclamation (restoration)
• 4. Biodiversity
• 4.1 Definition of Biodiversity
• 4.2 Hierarchical Classification/Origin of Biodiversity
• 4.3 Significance of Genetic Biodiversity
• 4.4 Measurements or Measures of Biodiversity
• 4.5 Taxonomic Classification of Biodiversity
• 4.6 India as a Mega-diversity Nation or Biogeographic Zones of India
• 4.7 Hotspots of Biodiversity
• 4.8 Threats to Biodiversity/How Man-made Extinction of Biodiversity is Caused?
• 4.9 Endemic Species of India
• 4.10 Endangered Species of India
• 4.11 Threatened Species of India (Eastern Himalayas)
• 4.12 Conservation of Biodiversity or Biodiversity Management
• 4.12.1 Types of Conservation of Biodiversity
• 4.12.2 Conservation Tools (Techniques) of Biodiversity
• 4.13 International Efforts to Save Biodiversity
• 4.14 Values (or uses or importance or benefits) of Biodiversity
• 5. Energy Resources
• 5.0 Daily Life Examples: Save Energy Cartoon Series
• 5.1 Population Explosion
• 5.2 Classification of Energy Resources
• 5.3 Major Differences between Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Resources
• 5.3.1 Renewable (Non-conventional) Energy Resources
• 5.3.1.1 Solar Energy Applications
• 5.3.1.2 Hydro Energy
• 5.3.1.3 Wind Energy
• 5.3.1.4 Marine Energy or Ocean Energy
• 5.3.1.5 Tidal Energy
• 5.3.1.6 Geothermal Energy
• 5.3.2 Alternate Energy Sources
• 5.3.2.1 Hydrogen as a Fuel for Future or Hydrogen as an Alternative Energy Source
• 5.3.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
• 5.3.2.3 Energy Context with Respect to Indian Scenario
• 5.3.2.4 Energy Plantation
• 5.3.3 Conventional (Non-Renewable) Energy Resources
• 5.3.3.1 Fossil Fuels or Fossil Fuel Based Energy
• 5.3.3.2 Nuclear Energy
• 5.4 Steps of Government to Conserve Energy
• 6. Sustainable Development
• 6.1 Sustainable Development
• 6.2 Principles of sustainability
• 6.3 Measurement of Sustainability or Sustainable Ethics or Equitable Utilisation of Natural Resources
• 6.4 Sustainable Lifestyle (Role of an individual in sustainable development)
• 6.5 Challenges to Sustainable Development
• 6.6 International Efforts to Achieve Sustainability
• 7. Environmental Pollution
• 7.1 Environmental Pollution
• 7.1.1 Air Pollution
• 7.1.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution
• 7.1.1.2 Effects of Air Pollution
• 7.1.1.3 Classification of Air Pollutant
• 7.1.1.4 Control Measures of Air Pollution
• 7.1.1.5 Air Pollution Disasters
• 7.1.1.6 Long Range Transport of Gaseous Air Pollutants
• 7.1.1.7 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• 7.1.2 Water Pollution 135
• 7.1.2.1 Sources of Water Pollution
• 7.1.2.2 Types of Water Pollutants
• 7.1.2.3 Effects of Water Pollution
• 7.1.2.4 Water Quality Standards
• 7.1.2.5 Control of Water Pollution
• 7.1.3 Thermal Pollution
• 7.1.3.1 Sources of Thermal Pollution
• 7.1.3.2 Effects of Thermal Pollution
• 7.1.3.3 Control of Thermal Pollution
• 7.1.4 Waste Water Treatment Plant
• 7.1.5 Soil Pollution or Land Degradation
• 7.1.5.1 Sources of Soil Pollution
• 7.1.5.2 Effects of Soil Pollution
• 7.1.5.3 Control Measures
• 7.1.6 Solid Waste
• 7.1.6.1 Sources of Solid Waste
• 7.1.6.3 Effect of Solid Waste
• 7.1.6.3 Control Measures of Solid Waste
• 7.1.7 Status of Solid Waste Management in India
• 7.1.8 Hazardous Waste Management (HWM)
• 7.1.9 Noise Pollution
• 8. Environmental Impact Assessment 154
• 8.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• 8.2 Government Body which Executes EIA in India
• 8.3 Environmental Effects Analysed under EIA
• 8.4 Process of EIA
• 8.5 EIA Ruling 1984
• 9. Environmental Laws
• 9.1 Environmental Laws: Provisions in the Indian Constitution towards Environmental Protection
• 9.1.1 Salient Features of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• 9.1.1.1 Amendments
• 9.1.1.2 Concluding Remarks of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• 9.1.2 Salient Features of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• 9.1.2.1 Concluding Remarks of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• 9.1.3 Salient features of Forest Conservation Act, 1980*
• 9.1.4 Salient Features of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972*
• 9.1.5 Salient Features of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• 9.1.5.1 Amendments in EPA
• 9.2 Role of Government in Environmental Protection
• 10. Global Environmental Issues
• 10.1 Green House Effect and Global Warming
• 10.2 Global Climate Change
• 10.2.1 International Efforts to Control Global Warming or Global Climate Change
• 10.3 Ozone Layer Depletion or Ozone Hole
• 10.4 Acid Rain
• 10.5 El Nino
• 10.6 La Nina
• 10.7 Automobile Pollution
• 10.8 Urbanization and Environment
• 10.9 Population Growth
• 11. Environmental Education
• 11.1 Environmental Education
• 11.2 Principles of Environmental Education
• 11.3 Need for Public Awareness or Importance of Environmental Education: Active public participation
• 11.3.1 Details of Environmental Movements Indicating the Importance of Environmental Awareness
• 11.3.1.1 Chipko Movement in Tehri Garhwal Gained International Importance
• 11.4 The ‘Guidelines for Excellence’ for Environmental Education
• 11.5 Process of Public Awareness
• 11.6 Agencies Active in Creating Public Awareness (Environmental Education): Non-Governmental Organizations
• 11.7 Conferences, Workshops, Seminars
• 12. Social Environmental Issues
• 12.1 Social Environmental Issues are Important for Sustainable Developmental Strategies
• 12.1.1 Watershed Management
• 12.1.1.1 Rainwater Harvesting
• 12.2 Flyash Landfill Reclamation
• 12.3 Disaster Management
• 12.4 Animal Husbandry
• 12.5 Women Education
• 12.6 Environmental Problems in India (Developing Countries)
• 13. Human Population
• 13.1 Human Population
• 13.2 Population Growth Rate
• 13.2.1 Factors Affecting the Growth Rate
• 13.2.2 Population Explosion
• 13.2.3 Causes of Population Explosion
• 13.2.4 Effects of Population Explosion
• 13.2.5 Control Measures of Population Explosion
• 13.3 National Population Policy, 2000
• 13.4 Environment and Human Health
• 13.4.1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
• 13.4.1.1 HIV/AIDS
• 13.5 Role of IT in Environment and Human Health
• 13.6 Human Rights
• 13.7 Value Education
• Previous Papers
• Glossary
• Index