Research Methodology for Agricultural Economics
eBook - PDF

Research Methodology for Agricultural Economics

  1. English
  2. PDF
  3. Available on iOS & Android
eBook - PDF

Research Methodology for Agricultural Economics

About this book

Having a thorough knowledge on the fundamental aspects of conducting research and its methodology will help the students and researchers to pursue research programmes in an efficient manner. The same is conceptualized in this text book entitled, 'Research Methodology for Agricultural Economics', as it dealt with all the basic concepts of research methodology. Though several books were authored in the field of conceptualizing the methodological aspects of conducting agro-economic research, this book is relatively a significant achievement, as it offered simple and lucid explanation regarding the methodological aspects of conducting research. This book especially serves as an aid for the Academicians, who are actively involved in teaching research methodology. This material is, therefore, relevant to the students of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management and suitable for both postgraduate and doctoral degree courses. This book harbours an up-dated and standard material on the various aspects of Research Methodology duly covering the latest syllabi as prescribed by the several State Agricultural Universities in India. Hope this volume will also be very useful to the students, who desire to be competent enough in various competitive examinations.

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Yes, you can access Research Methodology for Agricultural Economics by Kumar, K Nirmal Ravi in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Technology & Engineering & Agriculture. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Table of contents

  1. Cover
  2. Foreword
  3. Preface
  4. Author-Note
  5. Acronyms
  6. 1. Research Methodology
  7. Definitions
  8. Importance of research methodology
  9. marketing
  10. Types of marketing
  11. 2. Research and Types of Research
  12. What is research?
  13. Principles or Characteristics of Quality Research Work
  14. Objectives of research
  15. Qualities of a good researcher
  16. Motivations in research
  17. Ethical considerations of research
  18. Importance of Research
  19. Problems/Limitations of Research in India
  20. Issues and Trends in Research
  21. Typology of research
  22. Basic (Pure or Fundamental) research
  23. Applied research
  24. Practical research
  25. Exploratory research
  26. Descriptive research
  27. Explanatory research or Analytical research
  28. Predictive research
  29. Quantitative research
  30. Qualitative research
  31. Structured approach
  32. Unstructured approach
  33. Deductive research
  34. Inductive research
  35. Cross section research
  36. Longitudinal research
  37. Experimental Research
  38. Survey research
  39. Causal-Comparative Research
  40. Case Study
  41. Correlational Research
  42. Historical Research
  43. Ex-post facto research
  44. Academic levels of research
  45. Research Method vs Research Design
  46. Research Method vs Research Methodology
  47. Research design vs Research methodology
  48. Importance of Research Methodology in Research Studies
  49. 3. Research Process
  50. Conception/Identification of Research Problem
  51. Formulation of Research Problem
  52. Review of Literature
  53. Formulation of Testable Hypothesis
  54. Preparation of Research Design (Methodology)
  55. Execution of Research Project
  56. Data Collection
  57. Data Processing and Analysis
  58. Testing of Hypothesis and Interpretation of the Findings
  59. Writing Research Report
  60. 4. Conception/Identification of Research Problem
  61. What is research problem
  62. The Five ‘W’s of research problem
  63. What makes a good research problem?
  64. Sub-problems vs Pseudo-Sub-problems
  65. Factors to be considered, while identifying a research problem
  66. Situations to avoid when identifying a research problem
  67. Applying for funding
  68. Delimiting the research
  69. Practical problem vs Research problem
  70. Research problem vs Topic
  71. 5. Formulation of Research Problem
  72. Components involved in formulating the research problem
  73. Statement about the problem (Problem statement)
  74. Functions of a Problem Statement
  75. Problem statements across different research methods
  76. How to write a problem statement
  77. Common Deficiencies of Problem Statement
  78. Justification of study of the selected research problem
  79. How to write a Justification of the selected problem or Significance of the study
  80. Scope of the selected research problem
  81. How to write ‘scope of the research study’
  82. General (Main) objective
  83. Specific (Sub) objectives
  84. Features of research objectives
  85. Objectives across different research methods
  86. Importance of framing the research objectives
  87. How to write ‘objectives for the research study’
  88. Framing the objectives for the selected problem
  89. Identification of key terms and concepts of the selected problem
  90. Identification of variables relevant to the selected problem
  91. Criteria for selection of variables
  92. Assumptions, Limitations and Delimitations of the research study
  93. 6. Review of Literature
  94. Why to collect review of literature?
  95. Checklist for Selection of Literature to be included in Literature Review
  96. Characteristics of a good literature review
  97. Importance of collecting review of literature
  98. Four Ws before writing literature review
  99. Sources of literature review
  100. Primary sources
  101. Secondary sources
  102. Tertiary sources
  103. Search for existing literature
  104. Books
  105. Journals
  106. Internet
  107. Review the literature collected
  108. Steps in reviewing the literature
  109. Characteristics of a Good Research Question for a Literature Review
  110. What the researcher should do before writing the literature review?
  111. Common mistakes the researchers do in reviewing the literature/Problems faced when writing a Literature Review
  112. Advantages of Literature Review
  113. Disadvantages of literature review
  114. What do examiners look for in a literature review?
  115. 7. Formulation of Testable Hypothesis
  116. Defintions
  117. Characteristics of ‘good’ hypothesis
  118. Examples of ‘good’ hypotheses
  119. Importance of hypothesis
  120. Sources of Hypothesis
  121. Classification of hypothesis
  122. Main hypothesis
  123. Sub-hypothesis
  124. Descriptive hypothesis
  125. Relational hypothesis
  126. Causal hypothesis
  127. Tentative hypothesis
  128. Working hypothesis
  129. Research hypothesis
  130. Directional hypothesis
  131. Non-directional hypothesis
  132. Statistical hypothesis
  133. Null hypothesis
  134. Alternative hypothesis
  135. Directional Alternative hypothesis
  136. Non-directional Alternative hypothesis
  137. Null hypothesis vs Alternative Hypothesis
  138. Declarative hypothesis
  139. Simple hypothesis
  140. Complex Hypothesis
  141. Parametric hypothesis
  142. Non-Parametric Hypothesis
  143. Limitations or difficulties in the formulation of testable hypothesis
  144. 8. Preparation of Research Design (Methodology)
  145. Definitions of research design
  146. Steps in planning the research design
  147. Components dealt in research design
  148. Preparation of sampling design
  149. Universe or Population
  150. Sampling
  151. Sample
  152. Features of good sample
  153. Sample unit
  154. Sample design
  155. Statistic and Parameter
  156. Sampling frame
  157. Sampling fraction
  158. Elevation factor
  159. Sampling error
  160. Random sampling error
  161. Non-sampling error
  162. Methods to reduce sampling error
  163. Relation between Random sampling error and Variance
  164. Census study
  165. Census study vis-à-vis Sample study
  166. Precision and Accuracy of research findings
  167. Bias
  168. Steps in sampling process
  169. Determining sample design
  170. Characteristics of good sample design
  171. Types of sampling techniques
  172. Probability (or Random) sampling
  173. Differences between Probability and Non-probability sampling methods
  174. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
  175. SRS without Replacement (SRSWOR) and SRS with Replacement (SRSWR)
  176. Possible number of samples can be drawn by SRSWOR technique
  177. Possible number of samples can be drawn by SRSWR technique
  178. Methods of selecting simple random sample
  179. Merits of SRS
  180. Demerits of SRS
  181. Stratified Random Sampling
  182. Examples of stratified random sample
  183. Selecting a Stratified Random Sample
  184. Types of Stratified Random Sampling
  185. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling
  186. Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling
  187. Disproportionate allocation for within strata
  188. Disproportionate allocation for between-strata
  189. Optimum allocation
  190. Stratified random sampling vis-à-vis SRS
  191. Merits of Stratified random sampling
  192. Demerits of Stratified random sampling
  193. Systematic Sampling
  194. Steps in Selecting a Systematic Sample
  195. Sub-types of systematic sampling
  196. Examples for systematic sampling
  197. Merits of Systematic sampling
  198. Demerits of Systematic sampling
  199. Cluster Sampling
  200. Sub-types of Cluster Sampling
  201. Sub-types Based on Number of Stages of drawing sample
  202. Single-stage cluster sampling
  203. Two-stage cluster sampling
  204. Multi-stage cluster sampling
  205. Sub-types Based on the Proportional Representation of Clusters in Sample
  206. Equi-probability sampling
  207. Probability Proportion to Size (PPS)
  208. Numerical example to derive sample from different clusters based on PPS
  209. Differences between Cluster sampling and Stratified random sampling
  210. Merits of Cluster Sampling
  211. Demerits of Cluster Sampling
  212. When to Use Cluster Sampling
  213. Choice between SRS, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling
  214. Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size
  215. Merits of PPS sampling
  216. Demerits of PPS sampling
  217. Multistage Sampling
  218. Merits of multi-stage sampling
  219. Demerits of multi-stage sampling
  220. Multi-phase sampling
  221. Differences between multi-stage sampling and multi-phase sampling
  222. Merits of multi-phase sampling
  223. Demerits of multi-phase sampling
  224. Non-probability (Non-random or Judgment) sampling
  225. Quota sampling
  226. Merits of Quota sampling
  227. Demerits of Quota sampling
  228. Convenience sampling
  229. Merits of Convenience sampling
  230. Demerits of Convenience sampling
  231. Judgement Sampling
  232. Merits of Judgement sampling
  233. Demerits of Judgement sampling
  234. Snowball Sampling
  235. Merits of Snowball sampling
  236. Demerits of Snowball sampling
  237. Volunteer Sampling
  238. Merits of Volunteer sampling
  239. Demerits of Volunteer sampling
  240. Panel Sampling
  241. Expert Sampling
  242. Opportunity Sampling
  243. Guidelines to use the sampling techniques
  244. Determination of representative sample size for conducting research study
  245. Formulae used to determine sample size
  246. Common misconception in selecting the sample size
  247. Advantages of sampling
  248. Disadvantages of sampling
  249. Identification of variables relevant to the objectives framed for the study
  250. Characteristics of the variables
  251. Types of variables
  252. Independent variable
  253. Dependent variable
  254. Differences between Independent variable and Dependent variable
  255. Qualitative (Categorical) Variable
  256. Nominal variable
  257. Dichotomous variable
  258. Ordinal variable
  259. Quantitative Variable
  260. Continuous variable
  261. Discontinuous or Discrete variable
  262. Extraneous Variable (EV)
  263. Confounded Variable (CV)
  264. Moderating Variable (MV)
  265. Controlled Variable
  266. Mediating Variable
  267. Endogenous Variable
  268. Exogenous Variable
  269. Types of data to be collected
  270. Primary data and Secondary data
  271. Cross-sectional data and Time series data
  272. Qualitative data and Quantitative data
  273. Univariate data, Bivariate data and Multivariate data
  274. Subjective data and Objective data
  275. Identification of the sources of data
  276. Primary sources
  277. Secondary sources
  278. Tertiary sources
  279. Census survey
  280. Sample survey
  281. 9. Execution of Research Project
  282. Schedule or Interview schedule
  283. Open-ended questions and Closed-ended questions
  284. Direct questions and Indirect questions
  285. Primary questions and Secondary questions
  286. Nominal, Ordinal and Interval questions
  287. Contingency questions
  288. Characteristics of good schedule
  289. Design of Schedule
  290. Types of Schedules
  291. Structured schedules
  292. Unstructured schedules
  293. Observation Schedule
  294. Rating Schedules
  295. Document Schedule
  296. Interview Schedule
  297. Steps in construction of schedule
  298. Advantages of using schedule in data collection
  299. Disadvantages of using schedule in data collection
  300. Questionnaire
  301. Similarities between schedule and questionnaire
  302. Schedule vis-à-vis Questionnaire
  303. 10. Data Collection
  304. Survey method
  305. Techniques of Survey Method
  306. Telephone survey
  307. Personal survey
  308. Mail Survey
  309. Electronic survey
  310. Types of Surveys
  311. Cross-Sectional Surveys
  312. Longitudinal Surveys
  313. Trend studies
  314. Cohort studies
  315. Panel studies
  316. Merits of Survey Method
  317. Demerits of survey (schedule) method
  318. Different measures to promote response rate of the respondents
  319. Case study
  320. Basic assumptions of a case study
  321. Steps involved in case study method
  322. Sources of evidence in case studies
  323. Types of Case Study Research
  324. Intrinsic case study
  325. Instrumental case study
  326. Collective case study
  327. Depending on the type of research question
  328. Depending on the disciplinary orientation
  329. Ethnographic case study
  330. Historical case study
  331. Psychological case study
  332. Sociological case study
  333. Depending on the overall intent of the study
  334. Descriptive case study
  335. Interpretative case study
  336. Evaluative case study
  337. Pilot case study
  338. Depending on the number of case studies handled by the researcher
  339. Differences between Survey method and Case study
  340. Merits of case study
  341. Demerits of case study.
  342. 11. Data Processing and Analysis
  343. Processing of data
  344. Checking
  345. Editing
  346. Coding
  347. Classification
  348. Tabulation
  349. Data analysis
  350. Phases of data analysis
  351. Data cleaning (Data cleansing or data scrubbing)
  352. Initial data analysis
  353. Main data analysis phase
  354. Statistical analysis to be employed
  355. Graphical representation of the analytical findings
  356. Concept of Scaling
  357. Types of Scales
  358. Scaling based on Response Form
  359. Categorical scales
  360. Comparative scales
  361. Scaling based on Subjectivity
  362. Scaling based on properties
  363. Nominal Scale
  364. Ordinal Scale
  365. Interval Scale
  366. Ratio scale
  367. Scaling based on judging the attitude
  368. Rating scale
  369. Attitude scale
  370. Thurstone’s Scale (Differential scale)
  371. Likert’s scale
  372. Guttman’s scaling
  373. Choosing the scaling technique
  374. 12. Testing of Hypothesis and Interpretation of the Findings
  375. Steps in testing of hypothesis
  376. Specify the statistical hypothesis viz., HO and HA
  377. Select the Significant Level
  378. Find the critical value at the required level of significance and degrees of freedom
  379. One Sided or Two Sided Hypothesis
  380. Calculate the Test Statistic and Corresponding Probability (P) Value
  381. Drawing a Conclusion
  382. Errors in drawing conclusions in research
  383. Type I Error
  384. Type II Error
  385. Size of test vs Power of a test
  386. Benefits of Hypothesis testing
  387. Interpretation of analytical findings
  388. 13. Writing Research Report
  389. Layout of the Thesis
  390. Preliminary Pages or Preliminaries
  391. Title page
  392. Declaration
  393. Certificates
  394. Acknowledgements
  395. List of contents
  396. List of tables
  397. List of figures
  398. List of symbols and abbreviations
  399. List of appendices
  400. Abstract
  401. Main Text
  402. Introduction
  403. Review of literature
  404. Material and Methods
  405. Agro-Economic Features
  406. Results and Discussion
  407. Summary and Conclusions
  408. End Matter
  409. Literature cited
  410. Appendices
  411. Other important guidelines the researcher should follow in presenting the style of thesis.
  412. References