Handbook of Marine Chemistry

Satyanarayana, D

• Publisher: Daya Publishing House
• Year: 2018
• eBook ISBN: 9789386615916
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Fisheries & Aquaculture
• Index: Technology & Engineering

The earlier book entitled "Marine Chemistry" written by me and published in 2007 has been thoroughly revised and enlarged to include recent developments in chemical oceanography. The seven chapters included in the earlier book have been expanded into eleven incorporating additional information such as the origin of the ocean, isotopic composition of seawater, speciation of major and minor elements, role of trace metals in global climate control, distribution of reactive (non-conservative) gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), Methane (CH4) and dimethyl sulphide [(CH3)2S]. Distribution of CO2 components e.g. partial pressure (PCO2), pH, total alkalinity (TA) and total CO2 ("CO2) in seawater, segregation (horizontal) of bio-limiting elements, iron fertilization, methods of organic matter characterization and major classes of organic bio-molecules such as hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, complex and simple lipids, and pyrroles and porphyrins in seawater are also included.Five new chapters (12-16) of special significance and present day relevance namely, the Global carbon cycle and climate change; Hypoxia (Reducing environments); Hydrothermal vent fluids; Chemical diagenesis and interstitial waters; and fossil and bio-fuels have been incorporated in the book. Important topics such as Role of ocean on global carbon cycle and climate, Use of oceans to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions, Typical anoxic/hypoxic environments for example, Black Sea, Cariaco Trench, Framvaren Fjord, Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Arabian Sea; Categorization of hydrothermal vent fluids and their chemical composition; Diagenesis of organic matter in sediments and typical pore water profiles of major cations and anions, alkalinity, pH and Eh and some redox species are included. Distinction of fossil (petroleum and natural gas) and bio (ethanol, diesel, methane, hydrogen, BtL) fuels; Relative merits and limitations of fossil and biofuels, and future strategies of biofuels have been described in detail.The book thus provides the latest information on marine chemistry to be used as a course material in chemical oceanography to graduate/post-graduate students. It is written in a simple and lucid style that can be easily followed not only by the students but also by the practicing scientists and engineers working in marine environment and related areas.

Table of contents

• Author
• Title
• Copyright
• acknowledgement
• foreword
• preface
• content
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1 Marine Chemistry and its Scope
• 1.2 Developments of Oceanography: International
• 1.2.1 Developments of Oceanography in India
• 1.3 The Origin of the Oceans
• References
• 2. Nature and Properties of Seawater
• 2.1 The Hydrological Cycle
• 2.2 Unique Properties of Water
• 2.2.1 Molecular Structure of Water
• 2.3 Properties of Seawater
• 2.4 Isotopic Composition of Water
• References
• 3. Gross Chemical Composition of Seawater
• 3.1 Classification of Substances in Seawater
• 3.2 Sources, Cycles and Sinks of Dissolved and Particulate Matter in the Sea
• 3.3 Geochemical Balance and Residence Times of Elements
• 3.4 The Concept of Salinity and its Measurement
• 3.5 Salinity Distribution
• 3.5.1 World Oceans
• 3.5.2 Indian Seas
• References
• 4. Conservative (Major) Elements in Seawater
• 4.1 Conservative Elements
• 4.2 Major Ion Ratios in Seawater and River Water
• 4.3 Constancy of Ionic Composition
• 4.4 Variation of Ionic Ratios of Major Elements
• 4.4.1 Semi Enclosed Seas and Estuaries
• 4.4.2 Anoxic Basins
• 4.4.3 Dissolution and Precipitation
• 4.4.4 Submarine Volcanism
• 4.4.5 Freezing
• 4.4.6 Interstitial Waters
• 4.5 Speciation of Major Ions in Seawat
• References
• 5. Minor (Trace) Elements in Seawater
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.1.1 Technical Challenge in Trace Elemental Analysis
• 5.1.2 Significance of Trace Metals
• 5.2 Sources and Sinks of Trace Elements
• 5.3 Controls on Trace Metals in Seawater
• 5.3.1 Biological Controls
• 5.3.2 Inorganic Controls
• 5.4 Types of Trace Element Distributions
• 5.4.1 Conservative Type Distribution
• 5.4.2 Nutrient Type Distribution
• 5.4.3 Scavenged-Type Distribution
• 5.5 Distribution of Trace Elements in Anoxic Environments
• 5.6 Chemical Speciation of Trace Elements in Seawater
• 5.7 Trace Metals in Sediments
• 5.8 Role of Trace Metals in Global Climate Control
• References
• 6. Dissolved Gases in Seawater – I
• 6.1 Atmospheric Gases
• 6.2 Dissolved Gases in Seawater
• 6.3 Gas Solubility in Seawater
• 6.4 Exchange of Gases at Air-Sea Interface
• 6.5 Oxygen
• 6.5.1 Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen
• 6.5.2 Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in the Indian Ocean
• 6.6 Other Non-Conservative Gases in Seawater
• 6.6.1 Nitric Oxide (N2O)
• 6.6.2 Nitric Oxide (NO)
• 6.6.3 Carbon-monoxide (CO)
• 6.6.4 Methane (CH4)
• 6.6.5 Dimethylsulphide [(CH3)2S]
• References
• 7. Dissolved Gases in Seawater – II
• 7.1 Exchange of CO2 at Air-Sea Interface
• 7.2 Carbondioxide – Carbonate System
• 7.3 Carbondioxide Equilibria in Seawater
• 7.3.1 Alkalinity
• 7.3.2 Total Dissolved Carbondioxide (DIC or SC O2)
• 7.3.3 Control of pH in Seawater
• 7.4 Distribution of CO2 Components
• 7.4.1 pCO2
• 7.4.2 pH
• 7.4.3 Total Alkalinity (TA)
• 7.4.4 Total CO2 (TCO-2, SC O2)
• 7.5 Distribution of SC O2 in the Northern Indian Ocean
• 7.6 Carbondioxide-Calcium Carbonate Equilibria
• References
• 8. Nutrient (Biolimiting) Elements
• 8.1 Biolimiting Nutrients
• 8.2 Nitrogen
• 8.2.1 Analytical Methods for Determination of Nitrogen Compounds
• 8.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle
• 8.2.3 Nitrogen Budget
• 8.3 Phosphorus
• 8.3.1 Determination of Phosphorus in Seawater
• 8.3.2 Phosphorus Cycle
• 8.3.3 Phosphorus Budget
• 8.4 Silicon
• 8.4.1 Determination of Dissolved Silicon in Seawater
• 8.4.2 Silicon Cycle
• 8.4.3 Silicon Budget
• 8.5 Segregation of Biolimiting Nutrients
• 8.5.1 Vertical Segregation of Nutrients
• 8.5.2 The Two Box (Broecker) Model of Vertical Movements
• 8.5.3 Horizontal Segregation of Nutrients
• 8.6 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Nutrients
• 8.6.1 Distribution of Nutrients in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean
• 8.6.2 Distribution of Nutrients in the Indian Seas
• 8.7 Stoichiometric Relationships of Nutrients and Oxygen
• 8.7.1 Preformed Nutrients
• References
• 9. Radioactive Nuclides in the Sea
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.1.1 Radioactive Decay Processes
• 9.1.2 Radioactive Decay Equations
• 9.2 Classification of Radioactive Nuclides
• 9.2.1 Primordial Radionuclides of Elements with Stable Isotopes
• 9.2.2 Long-lived Natural Uranium-Thorium Series Isotopes
• 9.2.3 Cosmogenic Radioactive Nuclides
• 9.2.4 Artificially Produced Radioactive Nuclides
• 9.3 Use of Radio Nuclides as Tracers
• 9.3.1 Rates of Vertical Mixing
• 9.3.2 Rates of gas exchange
• 9.3.3 Geochronology of Sediments
• 9.3.4 Growth Rates of Manganese Nodules
• References
• 10. Primary Production and Iron Fertilization in the Sea
• 10.1 Photosynthesis
• 10.1.1 Mechanism of Photosynthesis
• 10.1.2 Chemosynthesis
• 10.1.3 Respiration
• 10.2 Phytoplankton Production and its Rate Measurement
• 10.2.1 Measurement Based on Oxygen Liberation
• 10.2.2 Measurement Based on Uptake of CO2
• 10.2.3 The Chlorophyll Method
• 10.2.4 Remote Sensing Techniques 10.2.5. Stable Isotopic Method
• 10.3 Factors Controlling the Primary Production
• 10.3.1 Light
• 10.3.2 Temperature
• 10.3.3 Salinity
• 10.3.4 Nutrients and Trace Metals
• 10.3.5 Organic Compounds
• 10.4 Seasonal Variation of Primary Production
• 10.5 Variation of Primary Productivity- in the Indian Ocean
• 10.6 Iron Fertilization
• 10.6.1 High-nitrate, Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) Regions
• References
• 11. Marine Organic Matter: Chemical and Biological Aspects
• 11.1 Significance of Marine Organic Matter
• 11.1.1 Sources of Marine Organic Matter
• 11.2 Methods of Characterisation of Organic Matter (OM)
• 11.2.1 Bulk Characterisation
• 11.2.2 Molecular Characterisation
• 11.3 Categorisation of Organic Matter
• 11.3.1 Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)
• 11.3.2 Particulate Organic Matter (POM)
• 11.4 Major Classes of Organic Biomolecules in Seawater
• 11.4.1 Hydrocarbons
• 11.4.2 Carbohydrates
• 11.4.3 Amino Acids and Proteins
• 11.4.4 Complex and Simple Lipids
• 11.4.5 Pyrroles and Porphyrins
• References
• 12. The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Global Carbon Cycle
• 12.3 Oceanic Carbon Cycle
• 12.3.1 Solubility and Exchange of CO2 at Air-Sea Interface
• 12.3.2 The Ocean Structure
• 12.3.3 Solubility Pump
• 12.3.4 Biological Pump
• 12.3.5 Carbonate Pump
• 12.4 Role of Oceans on Global Carbon Cycle and Climate
• 12.5 Use of Oceans to Mitigate Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions
• References
• 13. Hypoxia (Reducing Environments)
• 13.1 Oxygen Deficient Conditions in the Open Oceans
• 13.2 Hypoxic Systems
• 13.2.1 Ecological Effects of Hypoxia/Anoxia
• 13.3 Typical Anoxic/Hypoxic Environments
• 13.3.1 Black Sea
• 13.3.2 Cariaco Trench
• 13.3.3 Framvaren Fjord
• 13.3.4 Northern Gulf of Mexico
• 13.3.5 Arabian Sea
• References
• 14. Hydrothermal Ventfluids
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Occurrence and Evidence of Hydrothermal Vents
• 14.3 Controls on Vent Fluid Composition
• 14.3.1 Phase Separation
• 14.3.2 Interaction of Hydrothermal Fluids with Basalt
• 14.4 Categorization of Hydrothermal Fluids
• 14.4.1 Hot Focused Flows
• 14.4.2 Diffuse Low Temperature Plumes
• 14.5 Chemical Composition of the Vent Fluids
• References
• 15. Chemical Diagenesis and Interstitial (Pore) Waters
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Sediments
• 15.2.1 Diagenesis and Preservation of CaCO3
• 15.2.2 Diageneses and Preservation of Silica
• 15.2.3 Clay Minerals and Diagenesis
• 15.3 Interstitial (Pore) Waters
• 15.3.1 Sampling Techniques of Pore Water
• 15.4 Typical Pore Water Profiles
• 15.4.1 Major Cations and Anions
• 15.4.2 Alkalinity, pH and Eh
• 15.4.3 Some Redox Species
• References
• 16. Fossil and Bio Fuels
• 16.1 Fossil Fuels
• 16.1.1 Composition of Petroleum
• 16.1.2 Genesis of Petroleum
• 16.1.3 Depositional Environments
• 16.1.4 Migration
• 16.2 Conventional Gas Resources
• 16.2.1 Natural Gas
• 16.3 Unconventional Gas Resources
• 16.3.1 Basanal (deep) Gas (and Tight Gas) Sands
• 16.3.2 Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
• 16.3.3 Shale Gas
• 16.3.4 Biogenic Gas
• 16.3.5 Methane (Gas) Hydrates
• 16.4 Bio Fuels
• 16.4.1 Bioethanol
• 16.4.2 Biodiesel
• 16.4.3 BtL Fuels
• 16.4.4 Biomethane
• 16.4.5 Biohydrogen
• 16.5 The Future of Biofuels
• References
• Appendix
• Glossary