Vehicular Communications for Smart Cars

Protocols, Applications and Security Concerns

Niaz Chowdhury, Lewis Mackenzie

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Print ISBN: 9781138084131
• eBook ISBN: 9781351617444
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Microwaves
• Index: Computer Science

This book covers a wide range of topics from the smart transportation domain. It discusses protocols, applications and security concerns in various vehicular networks using examples and easy-to-understand figures. The first four chapters focus on vehicular network protocols and applications, while the remaining four chapters incorporate security, trust and privacy issues with examples from real-life cases. The book concludes with a vision of what to expect in the near future and will be an invaluable resource for anybody interested in this nascent technology and its variegated applications.

Dr. Niaz Chowdhury is a postdoctoral research associate at the Knowledge Media Institute, the Open University in England.

Dr. Lewis M. Mackenzie is a senior lecturer in computing science at the University of Glasgow.

Chapter 1 A review of Internet of Things (IoT) using visible light optical camera communication in smart cars

Geetika Aggarwal

Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom

DOI: 10.1201/9781315110905-1

CONTENTS

• 1.1Introduction
• 1.2Fundamental theory
• 1.2.1History
• 1.2.2Architecture of IoT
• 1.2.3Potential applications of IoT
• 1.2.3.1Healthcare
• 1.2.3.2Smart home
• 1.2.3.3Smart cities
• 1.2.3.4Smart cars
• 1.3IoT deploying VL-OCC in smart cars
• 1.4Future research directions
• 1.4.1Security
• 1.4.2Intelligence
• 1.4.3Power consumption
• 1.5Conclusion
• References

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The exponential increase in data rate usage by end users is constantly increasing the demand of capacity of wireless protocols. Optical wireless communication (OWC) offers a huge, unregulated bandwidth spectrum that is unoccupied and can be utilized in communication to alleviate the radio frequency (RF) spectrum crunch. Furthermore, in the past decade, OWC has diverted the attention of researchers to meet the growing data traffic demand and to offload the congested RF networks.^[1–6] The LED market is growing at a fast pace, and as a result visible light communication (VLC) systems deploying LEDs are increasingly being used in numerous applications. Considering the marvelous improvement in smart devices in recent years, most of these devices are furnished with LED lights and cameras. This opens a probability of VLC execution for these gadgets that utilization a camera as the handset pair, without a need to uphold extra equipment adjustments.^[7–^10] The Internet of Things (IoT) is an outstanding evolution that enables communication between numerous devices through sensors, actuators, embedded systems, and various other technologies via the Internet. Figure 1.1 shows the exponential growth of IoT and interconnected devices.^[11–14]

Figure 1.1Exponential growth of IoT-connected devices.^[15]

Figure 1.2 illustrates the scenario of a connection between a physical device, a vehicle in this case, and the Internet, where the vehicle has multiple devices, such as sensors and actuators, that are used for communication through the Internet, resulting in IoT. This chapter explores the area of smart cars with IoT using camera communication. The rest of the chapter is divided into the following sections: Section 1.2 describes the fundamental theory; Section 1.3 discusses the potential applications of IoT in smart cars with VL-OCC; and Section 1.4 explores future research directions.

Figure 1.2Physical device such as car connected through IoT.[15]

1.2 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY

1.2.1 History

The term Internet of Things (IoT) was coined in 1999 by Kevin Aston at Procter & Gamble for his research. The IoT is directly related to evolution in communication systems.^[16–20] The advancement in communications technology, the increase in data transfer, and the demand for interconnected devices have resulted in gradual increase of use of the Internet to connect the devices, thus resulting in the IoT. The basic idea of IoT is that virtually every physical thing in the world can become a computer that is connected to the Internet, resulting in ubiquitous smart computers or smart devices.^[21–27] For instance, a consumer good could be considered to be “smart” when tagged with a visual code such as a bar code or equipped with a time-temperature indicator that, say, a mobile phone can use to derive and communicate the product’s state of quality, dynamic carbon footprint, effect on diabetics, or origin.^[28, ^29] Certainly, the boundary is blurring between smart things, which autonomously can derive and transform to different states and communicate these states seamlessly with their surroundings, and not-so-smart things, which only have a single status and are not very active in communicating it.^[30–35]

1.2.2 Architecture of IoT

The IoT architecture comprises five different layers: perception layer, network layer, middleware layer, application layer, and business layer. The perception layer is the bottommost layer and is composed of physical devices such as sensors and actuators that are responsible for collecting the information and transferring it to the network layer.^[36–41] The transmission of information to the information processing system is done by the network layer. This data/information transfer is possible or done using wired or wireless communication protocols and so forth. After the network layer, the next layer is middleware layer, whose task is to process the information received from the network layer and help in aiding the decisions that can be further used by the application layer for global device management.^[42–48] The topmost layer in the IoT architecture is the business layer, which is responsible for the overall IoT system, connectivity, applications, and services.

Besides the layered framework, the IoT system consists of several functional blocks, shown in Figure 1.3, that support several IoT activities, such as the sensing mechanism, authentication and identification, control, and management.^[49–55]

Figure 1.3Functional blocks of IoT architecture.[55]

These functional blocks are responsible for input/output operations, processing data, and storing data. For optimum performance of an overall IoT system, all these functional blocks are interrelated. The key attribute of IoT architecture is scalability; the architecture must designed in such a way that it is scalable and is able to provide user-friendly applications. Figure 1.4 shows the modern architecture of IoT, which is stage 4 architecture.

Figure 1.4Different stages of IoT architecture.[55]

Stage 1 comprises real-world elements such as sensors and actuators, for interconnectivity by detecting the signal and data transfer, followed with further analysis of data.^[55^–62] Also, actuators are used in temperature control, turning off lights and music, and so on. Hence, stage 1 is focused on collecting real-world data that could be useful for further analysis.^[56, ^57]

Stage 2 is responsible for collaboration through gateways and data acquisition systems with sensors and actuators. In stage 2 the data collected or generated from stage 1 is aggregated and optimized in a structured way suitable for processing, which is then passed to stage 3, comprising edge computing. Edge computing can be defined as an open architecture in distributed fashion that allows use of IoT technologies and massive computing power from different locations worldwide. Edge computing is a very powerful approach for streaming data processing and thus is suitable for IoT systems.

In stage 3, edge computing technologies deal with massive amounts of data and provide various functionalities such as visualization, integration of data from other sources, analysis using machine learning (ML) methods, etc. Stage 4 consists of several essential activities such as in-depth processing and analysis, sending feedback to improve the precision and accuracy of the entire system. Everything in stage 4 is performed on cloud servers or in a data center. A “big data” framework such as Hadoop or Spark may be utilized to handle this large quantity of streaming data, and ML approaches can be used to develop better prediction models that could help in producing a more accurate and reliable IoT system to meet the ever-incre...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• List of contributors
• 1 A review of Internet of Things (IoT) using visible light optical camera communication in smart cars
• 2 Accident warning and collision avoidance systems
• 3 Behavior analysis of broadcast schemes in vehicular accident warning systems against the two-second driving rule
• 4 The uses of big data in smart city transportation to accelerate the business growth
• 5 A genetic blockchain approach for securing smart vehicles in quantum era
• 6 An overview of the autonomous vehicle system, security, risks, and a way forward
• 7 Statistical in-depth security analysis for vehicle to everything communication over 5G NETWORK
• 8 Security analysis for VANET-based accident warning systems