Beyond Poverty

Multiplying Sustainable Community Development

Terry Dalrymple

• Publisher: William Carey Publishing
• Year: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781645083207
• Topic: Theology & Religion
• Subtopic: Christian Ministry

Answering the Cry of the Poor in a Million Villages

The church is facing a strategic opportunity—85 percent?of people living in extreme poverty?around the world reside in villages.?These villages are?also home to?the?majority of?the world's least reached?people.?The church has historically played an active role in wholistic ministry and alleviating global poverty with a goal of encouraging sustainable community?development. However, ?while?these?outreaches?may succeed in "helping without hurting, " they?still?often?focus on?limited-scope projects that provide?good?solutions?to?a?single?community. ?

In? Beyond Poverty, ?Terry?Dalrymple calls us to move?beyond sustainable projects in a single village?to transformational?movements that multiply change from village to village and sweep the countryside. Through multiple case studies?based on the actual experiences of more than 900 organizations in 135 different countries, this book tells the story of a large and growing network of ministries around the world using the strategy of Community Health Evangelism to change the life of the poor forever.?The principles in this book are not just?a theory, but?proven?strategy.

The church is uniquely positioned to accelerate poverty alleviation worldwide. This book will help you understand the fundamentals of catalyzing transformational movements that make disciples among the poor while lifting whole communities out of cycles of poverty and disease.?This is our moment! This is your opportunity to advance a global movement and answer the cry of the poor in a million villages.

CHAPTER 1

Answering the Call

Change in a Million Villages

Community Development as Mission Strategy

Christian community development has only recently become acceptable mission strategy in many evangelical circles. The reason for this is in our history. I say “our history” because I identify myself as an evangelical.

Evangelicals weathered a long battle with theological liberals at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Liberalism attempted to reconcile the Christian faith with evolutionary thought, higher criticism, philosophical idealism, and world religion. As a consequence, liberals embraced a low view of Scripture, denying its authority as the inspired Word of God. Liberal theologians were also the primary advocates of what started out as “Social Christianity,” or sometimes “Christian Socialism,” but later became the more moderate “Social Gospel.” The goal of the Social Gospel was justice for the urban poor through programs that would build the kingdom of God on earth.¹⁷

Against the onslaughts of liberalism, evangelicals upheld the Scriptures as the inerrant Word of God and defended the miracles and the atoning work of Christ. However, they emerged from the battle with a low view of social action. They rejected social justice as part of the primary mission of the church and focused almost exclusively on evangelism and church planting.

My wife, Jeannie, and I were appointed as church-planting missionaries to the Philippines in 1985. Shortly after our arrival on the field, a veteran pulled me aside with a single word of advice: “If you feed somebody today, they will be hungry again tomorrow. If you save their soul today, they will be saved forever.”

His advice summarized the philosophy of ministry of my new colleagues and was consistent with what the majority of evangelicals at that time believed about the mission of the church. We had not been sent to the Philippines to care for people’s physical needs, but to preach and plant churches. I had no idea at the time, but God was already at work calling evangelicals back to a biblical wholism that would bring evangelism and compassion back together. He would change me in the process.

The discussion among evangelicals began in 1974 when a committee headed by Rev. Billy Graham convened the first International Congress on World Evangelization. This consultation, held in Lausanne, Switzerland, drew more than 2,300 evangelical leaders from 150 countries. These men and women participated in plenary sessions and Bible studies, as well as discussions and debates over theology, strategy, and methods of evangelism. The gathering produced “The Lausanne Covenant,” a declaration that was “intended to define the necessity, responsibilities, and goals of spreading the Gospel.”¹⁸ In the covenant is a section defining “The Nature of Evangelism” and a separate section addressing the question of “Christian Social Responsibility.” The covenant left these two duties side by side without spelling out their relationship to each other, except to say that “in the church’s mission of sacrificial service, evangelism is primary.”

In 1982, the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization and the World Evangelical Alliance sponsored the International Consultation on the Relationship between Evangelism and Social Responsibility, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This follow-up to the Lausanne Congress was convened to further the discussion of the role of social action in the mission of the church and to define the relationship between social action and evangelism. The drafting committee, under the chairmanship of Rev. John Stott, published a report entitled “Evangelism and Social Responsibility.”¹⁹ Champions of wholistic mission, or the integration of evangelism and social action, emerged from this discussion. I will mention only a few who have influenced my thinking to one degree or another: Vinay K. Samuel (India), C. Rene Padilla (Argentina), John M. Perkins (United States), and John R. Stott (Great Britain).

Several books that were written between 1993 and 2009 have served to translate the integration of evangelism and social action into practical strategies for missionaries. In 1993, John Perkins wrote Beyond Charity: A Call to Christian Community Development. This book calls the church to action, bringing reconciliation and restoration to broken communities in the inner cities of North America. Perkins was one of the first to call for a serious, comprehensive, community development plan that enables the people to take responsibility for the improvement of their own neighborhoods. He believed the desperate problems in the inner city could not be solved without strong commitment and risky actions on the part of ordinary Christians with heroic faith.

Bryant Myers advanced the dialogue around Christian community development with a modern classic titled Walking with the Poor (World Vision International, 1999). Myers showed how Christian mission can contribute to dismantling poverty and social evil. He drew from many sources to lay out a biblical framework and principles for Christian community development that is integrated, sustainable, and transformative.

In 2009, Steve Corbett and Brian Fikkert published their work titled When Helping Hurts. They called on those serving the poor to understand the complexities of poverty and to employ strategies that do no harm, respect every person’s dignity, and empower the materially poor. They championed the idea that sustainable change comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out.

In reviewing the books still on the market about Christian community development, the last word in the conversation seems to have been the articulation of principles and strategies for helping without hurting—empowering the materially poor for sustainable development rather than creating unhealthy dependencies. Building on principles popularized by When Helping Hurts, I want to move the discussion beyond questions of empowerment and sustainable development to offer strategies for accelerating poverty alleviation globally by catalyzing transformational movements. In this book I will offer proven principles, case studies, and a strategy for multiplying change from village to village and country to country.

The purpose of this book is to move beyond doing sustainable development in a single village to catalyzing transformational movements that sweep the countryside. My intent is not to tear down principles of sustainable development, but to reiterate and build on them.

The purpose of this book is to move beyond doing sustainable development in a single village to catalyzing transformational movements that sweep the countryside.

Truly alleviating poverty and improving the quality of life for those we serve is satisfying, and it is rewarding to see the poor released from unhealthy dependencies and take their place as active participants in their own development processes. However, I believe there are still bigger opportunities in front of us—opportunities that have never before existed in all of history. Taking advantage of these opportunities will require that we refuse to be content with our present success and move the discussion beyond sustainability to multiplication.

In my work, I have seen the multiplication of deep and lasting change from village to village on a huge scale. Villagers who have transformed their own villages become champions of change, facilitating sustainable development processes in homes and communities around them. The result has been life-changing movements.

In the pages to follow, I will lay out the principles and practices that facilitated these transformative movements. Before we can do that, however, we need to understand the context in which we are working.

The Poverty Picture: Understanding the Complexities of Multidimensional Poverty

For years, extreme poverty has been defined by the World Bank in terms of income. The current global poverty line at the World Bank is people living on less than $1.90 per day.²⁰ New studies at Oxford, however, have demonstrated that poverty is multidimensional, and cannot be adequately defined by income alone. There are many reasons for this conclusion. Among them, income is not usually the medium of exchange in rural poor communities, where people live off the land and survive by trading goods and services. Using income as the sole measure of poverty fails to take into account the many pressures holding people down.

Here are some vivid illustrations of what those stresses might be: (1) Forty-two percent of the multi-dimensionally poor live in households where no adult has even five years of education; (2) Fifty-four percent live in households where at least one person is undernourished; (3) Forty-three percent live in households where at least one child has died; and (4) Eighty-one percent live in households where sanitation is inadequate.²¹

Researchers with the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) have created a “Multidimensional Poverty Index” as a way of measuring the many factors that contribute to the deprivation of the poor. The original study identified three primary factors, or dimensions, of poverty: education, health, and standard of living. These dimensions are studied and measured using ten indicators.²²

Three Dimensions of Poverty

Health	Nutrition
	Child mortality

Education	Years of schooling
	School attendance

Living Standards	Cooking fuel
	Sanitation
	Drinking water
	Electricity
	Housing
	Assets

Source: Oxford University Global Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2018

The health of a community is measured by two indicators: nutrition and child mortality. These are certainly not the only measures of health, but taken together they give insight into a community’s knowledge of disease processes and prevention, their access to medical care, and the overall reality of food security.

The educational level of a community is also measured by two specific indicators: school attendance and the average number of years completed. This doesn’t take into account the quality of the education, or the value of what is being taught to the context of the learner, but it is a start.

The third dimension—living standards—is measured by cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, flooring, and assets. These are valuable indicators for understanding the material deprivation of a community.

As research has advanced, OPHI has identified additional dimensions of poverty that weren’t considered in the original study. These include quality of work, empowerment, physical safety, social connectedness, and psychological well-being.²³

These studies are giving new definition to concepts of poverty on the world stage.²⁴ The World Bank’s definition is giving way to a more wholistic way of looking at the problem of acute poverty. Poverty is complex, and real solutions require strategies that address all the hurdles the poor must overcome on their road to development.

Multidimensional definitions of poverty are proving undeniably that poverty is still a bigger problem than the World Bank’s definition would indicate. For example, in Chad and Ethiopia the incidence of multidimensional poverty is about 87 percent, whereas using the World Bank’s measure of $1.90/day poverty, it is only 37 percent.²⁵ Globally, the World Bank puts the number of people living in extreme poverty at 736 million.²⁶ Using the Multidimensional Index, OPHI puts the number at 1.6 billion, with 85 percent of the poor living in rural poor areas (villages).²⁷ The World Bank asserts that we have reduced extreme poverty globally to under 10 percent, but the Multidimensional Index puts the number of multidimensionally poor...