1 Introduction
This book describes accounting and financial management procedures and analytical techniques in the context of hospitality decision-making. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to set the scene for the remainder of the book.
The first section of this chapter describes key characteristics relating to the hospitality industry and outlines accounting implications associated with these characteristics. Then, an overview of the nature of accounting is provided. In the course of describing the nature of accounting, the overall structure of the book will be introduced. We will see that Chapters 2â5 provide a grounding in hospitality financial accounting. Chapters 6â12 introduce a range of topics relating to management accounting and will show how management accounting techniques and procedures are critically important to a host of hospitality decision-making situations. Chapters 13â15 focus on managerial finance issues, and Chapter 16 provides a financial perspective on revenue management.
This chapterâs subsequent section highlights some of the many ways that different hospitality managers can apply accounting techniques and procedures to inform their decision-making. The following section introduces an important accounting report: the income statement. This statement is introduced in the context of a description of the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry. This system was developed in the United States and is being increasingly used in large hotels internationally. This signifies increased standardisation of the classification scheme used by hotels to record their financial transactions and also greater standardisation of the financial performance reports produced by hotels.
2 Key characteristics of the hospitality industry
The hospitality industry encompasses a broad range of activities and types of organisation. Some of the industryâs particularly visible players include restaurants and bars that provide dining and beverage services and also lodging operations that offer accommodation facilities. Restaurant organisations range from multinational companies to small street-corner cafĂ©s. Similarly, lodging operations range from multinational hotels offering thousands of rooms worldwide to bed-and-breakfast operations offering a single guest room. At the bed-and-breakfast extreme, we have small family-run concerns with a limited service range, while at the other extreme, we have multinational companies offering a range of services that include accommodation; dining; and frequently conference, sports and leisure facilities. The hospitality industryâs heterogeneity becomes apparent when we recognise that its diversity encompasses the following:
- Hotels
- Motels
- Restaurants
- Fast-food outlets
- Pubs and bars
- Country and sport clubs
- Cruise liners
This book is primarily focused on hotel management. This focus has been taken because the majority of large hotels provide most of the service elements offered by the hospitality organisations listed above. In addition, as many large hotels have to co-ordinate provision of a range of hospitality services under one roof, they confront a degree of management complexity not encountered in many other hospitality organisations that offer a narrower range of services. For example, a large hotelâs organisational structure and accounting system must be designed with due regard given to co-ordinating a range of disparate functions that, in most cases, will at least include the provision of accommodation, restaurant and bar facilities. The disparity of these functions is apparent when we recognise that the sale of rooms can be likened to the sale of seats in the airline or entertainment industries, a parallel exists between food preparation in restaurant kitchens and production activities in the manufacturing industry and bar operations can be likened to retailing. In addition to managing this disparate range of services, a hotel needs to co-ordinate a set of distinct support activities such as laundry, building and grounds maintenance, information systems, training, marketing, transportation and so on.
This disparate range of hospitality activities are housed within a single site (i.e., building and surrounds) that we refer to as a hotel. This creates a degree of site complexity which is exacerbated when we recognise that the location of the service provider is also the place where the customer purchases and consumes the services offered. While this is patently obvious to anyone who has been to a hotel, we should not forget that it is not the case in many other service industries (e.g., banking, transportation, telecommunications, law, accounting) or the manufacturing industry. This factor highlights a further dynamic of the hotel industry. Not only is a hotel site the place where a broad range of activities are undertaken, it is the focal point of extensive and continual vigilance with respect to cleaning, maintenance and security. We can thus see that a hotel represents a complex site where distinct activities are conducted in close proximity to one another. Where the performance of one functional activity (e.g., cleaning) can be affected by the way another is conducted (e.g., maintenance), high interdependency is said to exist. Such high interdependency can create problems when attempting to hold one functional area (e.g., cleaning) accountable for its performance.
Not only is functional interdependency an issue when trying to hold a manager accountable for costs, it can be a problem when attempting to hold a manager responsible for a particular departmentâs level of sales. For example, through no fault of her own, a food and beverage (F&B) manager may see her profits plummet as a result of a relatively low number of rooms sold by the rooms division. Such cross-functional interdependency needs to be recognised when identifying what aspect of a hotelâs performance a particular manager should be held accountable for.
Sales volatility
The hotel industry experiences significant sales volatility. The extent of this volatility becomes particularly apparent when we recognise it comprises at least four key dimensions:
- economic cycle volatility
- seasonal sales volatility
- weekly sales volatility
- intra-day sales volatility
These dimensions of sales volatility and the implications they carry for hotel accounting are elaborated upon in Box 1.1.
BOX 1.1
Dimensions of sales volatility in the hospitality industry
- 1 Economic cycle volatility: Hotels are extremely susceptible to the highs and lows of the economic cycle. Properties with a high proportion of business clients suffer during economic downturns due to significantly reduced corporate expenditure on business travel. Hotels offering tourist accommodation also suffer during economic downturns due to families reducing discretionary expenditure on activities such as holidays and travel. This high susceptibility to the general economic climate highlights the importance of hotels developing operational plans only once careful analysis has been made of predicted economic conditions.
- 2 Sea...