UFS BUSINESS SCHOOL EDITION PGAC5815/5825 Basic accounting for non-accountants

Cloete M, Marimuthu F

• Publisher: Van Schaik Publishers
• Year: 2022
• eBook ISBN: 9780627040351
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Higher Education

UFS Business school custom edition.

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Introduction to accounting

Outcomes

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

• define the purpose of accounting
• identify the main users of accounting information
• explain the difference between financial accounting and cost and management accounting.

Chapter outline

1. 1.1 What is accounting?
2. 1.1.1 Definition of accounting
3. 1.1.2 Nature of accounting
4. 1.2 Users of accounting information
5. 1.3 How useful is accounting information?
6. 1.4 The basic business forms found in South Africa
7. 1.4.1 Sole trader
8. 1.4.2 Partnership
9. 1.4.3 Close corporation (CC)
10. 1.4.4 Company
11. 1.5 Types of business activity
12. 1.5.1 Service businesses
13. 1.5.2 Manufacturers
14. 1.5.3 Wholesalers
15. 1.5.4 Retailers
16. 1.6 Considerations before commencing a business
17. 1.7 The accounting field

1.1 What is accounting?

1.1.1 Definition of accounting

Accounting is a system of

• gathering – the bringing together of all financial information that has an effect on a specific business
• analysing – determining how the financial information will affect the business
• recording – inputting the financial information through proper accounting processes2
• reporting – summarising all financial information for a given period of time so that it can be read and understood in a more condensed format
• interpreting – preparing an analysis of the summarised reports to allow users to make informed decisions about the business.

1.1.2 Nature of accounting

Accounting is a rapidly changing field, reacting in response to the changes that occur in the external environment. Accounting is a means of communication used to convey a message about the finances of a business. The main purpose of accounting is to provide its users with both financial and non-financial information that will assist them in making informed decisions. It is essential that the users of this information should understand it, otherwise it is of no value.

1.2 Users of accounting information

The users of accounting information can be divided into two groups, namely internal users (users within the organisation) and external users (users outside the organisation). The users listed below use accounting information for different reasons.

Internal users:

• Owners – use accounting information to determine whether their business is profitable and financially viable over a long period of time.
• Managers – use accounting information to ensure that the business operates efficiently and to solve problem areas highlighted in the accounting information.
• Employees and their representatives – use accounting information to determine whether their employer is able to provide stable employment and remuneration.

External users:

• Customers – use accounting information to determine whether the business can provide them with the products that they require for a long period of time.
• Competitors – use accounting information to maintain a competitive edge.
• Lenders – use accounting information to determine whether the business would be able to repay a loan and the interest on it.
• Government – uses accounting information to determine whether the business should be registered and, if so, how much tax should be paid.
• Suppliers – use accounting information to determine whether the business is able to make payments for goods purchased on credit.
• Investment analysts – use accounting information to determine whether the business would be a good investment, and to assess the risk and return on an investment in the business.

This list of potential users is not exhaustive, but these are the most important.3

1.3 How useful is accounting information?

Financial information should be useful to its users. The qualitative characteristics that influence the usefulness of accounting information can be grouped into fundamental and enhancing qualitative characteristics. The fundamental characteristics include:

• Relevance – the information reported must be relevant to the needs of the users. This may involve reporting information that could influence the eco...

Table of contents

• Title Page
• Imprint Page
• About the authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Table of contents
• CHAPTER 1: Introduction to accounting
• CHAPTER 2: Financial accounting concepts and terminology
• CHAPTER 3: The accounting equation
• CHAPTER 4: Accounting cycle: journals, ledgers and trial balance
• CHAPTER 5: Basic financial statements with year-end adjustments
• CHAPTER 6: Company financial statements and their analysis and interpretation
• CHAPTER 7: Bank reconciliation
• CHAPTER 8: Value-added tax (VAT)
• CHAPTER 9: Cost classification and terminology
• CHAPTER 10: Materials
• CHAPTER 11: Labour
• CHAPTER 12: Overheads and job costing
• CHAPTER 13: Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis
• CHAPTER 14: Short-term decision making
• CHAPTER 15: Budgetary control
• CHAPTER 16: Standard costing and variance analysis
• CHAPTER 17: Time value of money
• CHAPTER 18: Capital budgeting
• Index