Visual Ethics
A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Media Makers
Paul Martin Lester, Stephanie A. Martin, Martin Smith-Rodden
- 226 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Visual Ethics
A Guide for Photographers, Journalists, and Media Makers
Paul Martin Lester, Stephanie A. Martin, Martin Smith-Rodden
About This Book
An indispensable guide to visual ethics, this book addresses the need for critical thinking and ethical behavior among students and professionals responsible for a variety of mass media visual messages.
Written for an ever-growing discipline, authors Paul Martin Lester, Stephanie A. Martin, and Martin Rodden-Smith give serious ethical consideration to the complex field of visual communication. The book covers the definitions and uses of six philosophies, analytical methods, cultural awareness, visual reporting, documentary, citizen journalists, advertising, public relations, typography, graphic design, data visualizations, cartoons, motion pictures, television, computers and the web, augmented and virtual reality, social media, the editing process, and the need for empathy. At the end of each chapter are case studies for further analysis and interviews with thoughtful practitioners in each field of study, including Steven Heller and Nigel Holmes. This second edition has also been fully revised and updated throughout to reflect on the impact of new and emerging technologies.
This book is an important resource for students of photojournalism, photography, filmmaking, media and communication, and visual communication, as well as professionals working in these fields.
Frequently asked questions
Information
1 PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS FOR VISUAL ETHICS
Chapter Topics
ā¢ Recent Ethical Dilemmas |
ā¢ The Definition of Descriptive and Normative Ethics |
ā¢ Role-related Responsibilities and Justified Harm |
ā¢ Religions and Values |
ā¢ Six Ethical Philosophies |
ā¢ Case Studies to Practice Your Analytical Skills |
ā¢ Interview with Dr. Matthew J. Brown, Professor of Philosophy and History of Ideas and |
ā¢ Director of the Center for Values in Medicine, Science, and Technology at the University of Texas at Dallas |
Recent Ethical Dilemmas
- Cultural awareness: Local photojournalists are often ignored by editors when reporting about African āslavery, exploitation, colonization, or oil and mineral extractionā (Jayawardane, 2017) (See https://bit.ly/3mWExtV),
- Visual reporting: A photograph of the body of a drowned boy causes a reader firestorm (Harte, 2014) (See https://bit.ly/3AvZcsO),
- Documentary films: Minor factual errors ditch (because the film is about a car company GM) Michael Mooreās Roger & Me (Ebert, 1990),
- Citizen journalism: Darnella Frazier, a high school student, records the murder of George Floyd on her smartphone and helps change the world (Yancey-Bragg, 2020),
- Advertising: The British grocery store chain, Tesco introduced adhesive bandages in three skin shades: Light, medium, and dark (Leow, 2020),
- Public relations: āBatchelorā host Chris Harrison is forced to resign after defending a plantation-themed party (Wong & Dasrath, 2021) (See https://bit.ly/3kLUgt4),
- Typography: Comic Sans, a typeface more appropriate for childrenās books, was used for a Dutch World War II memorial on reconciliation (Coles, 2012),
- Graphic design: Shepard Fairey uses a photograph without permission for his Barack Obama āHopeā poster (Elliott, 2009),
- Data visualization: Georgia officials created a misleading column chart to hide ineffective COVID-19 response (McFall-Johnsen, 2020),
- Cartoons: Street artist Banksy creates an emotional animation sweatshop opening for āThe Simpsonsā (Halliday, 2010),
- Motion pictures: A Steven Soderbergh 2011 film, Contagion, foretells the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak (Rogers, 2020) (See https://bit.ly/3mQTs8S),
- Television: Racial and ethnic stereotypes persist on screen media (Nittle, 2020) (See https://bit.ly/2WMrQr1),
- The web: Uncensored, gruesome video of news footage not shown on television (Roth, 2021) (See https://bit.ly/3gS27Es),
- Games: The call for an end to violent and misogynistic video games, a movement known as Gamergate, led to online harassment and became a recruitment tool for the alt-right (Romano, 2021) (See https://bit.ly/3mWBwd5),
- Mixed reality: A PokƩmon Go PokƩStop is discovered in the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC (Peterson, 2016) (See https://wapo.st/3t6Qn5L),
- Virtual reality: A grieving South Korean mother is connected to her dead daughter through headset technology (Kim, 2020),
- Social media: Twitter permanently bans former President Trumpās account (Fung, 2021) (See https://cnn.it/3zNBqYI),
- Editor concerns: A breastfeeding mom on the cover of Time magazine inspires insights, condemnations, and record sales (Braiker, 2012) (See https://bit.ly/3mRvfPT), and
- Empathy: The designers of the National September 11 Memorial Museum were charged to create a āmeaningful tribute that will resonate with every visitor: the schoolchildren who know almost nothing of what happened, survivors who ran from the buildings covered in ash, and all thoseāmore than a billion worldwideāwho experienced the attack live on TVā (Kuang, 2014).
The Definition of Descriptive and Normative Ethics
Role-Related Responsibilities and Justified Harm
Religions and Values
- Hinduism (circa 7,000 bce, Pakistan). Without a founder, Hinduism is detailed in the scriptures of the Rig Veda. It advocates four goals: Live a virtuous life, take pleasure from the senses, achieve wealth legally, and continue after death through reincarnation.
- Judaism (circa 2,000 bce, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan). Founded by Moses and Abraham, sacred texts, namely the Torah, reveal the belief in one god who wants followers to be just and compassionate.
- Zoroastrianism (circa 1,500 bce, Iran). Founded by Zoroaster, followers believe there is one god named Ahura Mazda and that the world is composed of good and evil, Heaven and Hell.
- Shinto (circa 700 bce, Japan). All thingsāanimal, mineral, and vegetable possess a spiritual energy in which the aesthetics of nature rule supreme.
- Buddhism (circa 600 bce, Nepal). It was founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama who was ashamed of his wealthy lifestyle after seeing human suffering. Adherents try to understand four truths: Suffering is a part of life, attachments promote suffering, through the practice of nirvana, a state of quiet happiness, as in listening to a Kurt Cobain song, one can conquer suffering, and once achieved, there is release from birth and death cycles.
- Confucianism (circa 600 bce, China). Founded by Kāung-fu-tzu or Confucius as known in the West, it stresses the values of the Zhou dynasty that included loyalty to a ruler conferred by the āsky godā to promote harmony and honor among the people.
- Jainism (circa 500 bce, India). Like Hinduism and Buddhism, followers learn from prophets who have reached the highest spiritual goals possible.
- Taoism (circa 500 bce, China). From the teachings of Lao Tzu in his book, Tao Te Ching, a person should achieve a middle way between Yin and Yang, action and nonaction, hot and cold, and so on.
- Christianity (circa 30 ce, Judea). Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and others as written in the New Testament of the Bible, followers believe in the holy trinity, the resurrection of Jesus, the holiness of the Church, and an ultimate judgment of the faithful. Christian teachings stress the values of courage, generosity, love, hope, peace, and respect.
- Islam (610 CE, Mecca). Inspired by the stories of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, the prophet Muhammad through divine revelations taught that there is one god. A follower should care for those who are in need and everyone is judged as detailed in a collection of scriptures within the Quran (Bhattacharyya, 2020).
Six Ethical Philosophies
- Although any two philosophers would probably disagree, most acknowledge that there are seven main branches of philosophy,
- Aesthetics (An emphasis on beauty and a good life),
- Axiology (The nature of values and their importance),
- Epistemology (The study of what is known and unknown),
- Ethics (Duh. The subject of this book),
- Logic (The study of sense-making),
- Metaphysics (Concerned with why life exists and the fate of the universe), and
- Political (The rules and structures humans make to keep people safe and ...