Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis

Dan Bahadur Pal, Pardeep Singh

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN: 9781032051628
• eBook ISBN: 9781000532364
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biotechnology
• Index: Biological Sciences

Biomass finds its application as feedstock to produce biofuels and other value-added products, which finds usage in energy and environmental areas with particular focus on bioenergy production from different biomass and high-volume, medium-value industrial products. This book investigates problems of controlled synthesis of these materials and the effect of their morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics on their adsorption or desorption capacity and recent progress in green catalysts derived from biomass for various catalytic applications. Socioeconomic impacts on environment and climate regarding waste biomass are discussed as well.

Features

• Covers recent progress on green catalysts derived from biomass
• Explores the biomass conversion to different resources
• Introduces the utilization of biowaste in environmental aspects
• Discusses the biomass applications in different types of energy
• Proposes microbial waste biomass as a resource of renewable energy

This book is aimed at professionals and senior undergraduate students in environmental sciences, energy studies, and environmental and chemical engineering.

1Agricultural Waste Biomass Utilization as a Bio-AdsorbentActivated Carbon for Dye Removal

Avdesh Singh Pundir¹, Kailash Singh² and Sunil Rajoriya¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

²Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

DOI: 10.1201/9781003196358-1

Contents

1. 1.1Introduction
2. 1.2Dye
3. 1.3Agricultural Waste Biomass Sources
4. 1.3.1Peanut Shell
5. 1.3.2Bagasse
6. 1.3.3Peat
7. 1.3.4Rice Husk
8. 1.3.5Coconut Shell
9. 1.3.6Activated Carbon
10. 1.3.7Preparation of AC
11. 1.4Adsorption Model
12. 1.5Process Parameters, Decolorization and COD Reduction
13. 1.6Adsorption Surface Characterization Technique
14. 1.6.1X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/TEM)
15. 1.7Conclusions
16. References

1.1Introduction

Industrialization and urbanization are essential for enhancing human living standards. This is one side of the coin. On the other side, these have resulted in polluted wastewater in the environment. It is well known that effluent dyes have been identified as one of the polluted water resources (Somasekhara Reddy et al., 2017). Wastewater effluent from pulp and paper, tannery, textile, food, pharmaceutical and electroplating industries have high levels of synthetic dye pollutants. This high level of dye pollutants must be reduced within the range of regulatory limits. Literature shows that there are more than a thousand synthetic dyes have been used in industries (Ukanwa et al., 2019).

Despite the existence of a large number of dye wastewater treatment scheme, challenges in treating wastewater still exist in respect to their economic aspects. Major difficulties out of them include improper dye removal and COD reduction (Şayan, 2006). Industrial applied technologies consist of various biological and chemical treatment, adsorption, and membrane-based filtration techniques. One way to enforce the wastewater problem is to introduce a number of policies at the state and central level. The challenges to monitoring its implementation are mainly due to associated treatment costs (Boumchita et al., 2017).

The word “adsorption” was coined in 1881 by German physicist Heinrich Kayser. He described this word to make the difference between the surface phenomena vs intermolecular penetration. Bio-adsorption is an important process in which the waste water is treated on the surface of biological material, which may contain live or dead micro-organism, agricultural waste, industrial waste, etc. However, chemical adsorption is strictly reserved for chemically attachment of adsorbate, needing to be removed to solid a waste surface, called adsorbent. In broad classification, the adsorption process can be divided into physical and chemical processes. The physical adsorption process, as its name suggests, is controlled by the physical forces available at the surface, in general. The major physical forces available are dipole-dipole interaction, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bond, polarity, static interaction hydrophobicity, etc. When some foreign species come in contact with the surface, adsorption takes place and the contacted species attaches to the surface by means of strong chemical interactions called chemisorption. The extent to which the adsorption process takes place strongly depends on the physical and chemical properties of the adsorbent such as molecular structure, molecular size, polarity, etc.

The primary artificial dye, Mauveine, was searched with the aid of Perkin in 1856. As a result, the dyestuffs industry can rightly be defined as mature. Figure 1.1 shows the chemical structure of Mauveine. It remains a colorful, challenging industry requiring a continuous stream of new products due to the fast converting global wherein we live. Environmental regulations are getting stronger day by day in the developing countries such as India. Effluent from the dye industries is restricted to treating within allowable limits, especially to color removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD). These are changeling issue to handle dye industry wastewater. However, many dyes have microbial resistance and natural light resisting characteristic which make them difficult to treat, in general. Therefore, the treatment of dye wastewater is necessary to comply the national environmental regulations (Wu et al., 2019).

Figure 1.1Synthetic chemical structure of Mauveine.

Subbaiah and Kim (2016) have investigated the adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution by aminated pumpkin seed powder. Figure 1.2 shows the chemical structure of methyl orange. They have reported that aminated pumpkin seed powder can efficiently remove the dye (maximum adsorption capacity of 143.7 mg/g) at an optimum temperature of 298 K. This study has shown the high efficiency of natural bio-adsorbent based on aminated pumpkin seed powder for the treatment of dye wastewater.

Figure 1.2Synthetic chemical structure of methyl oranges.

Yu et al. (2018) have investigated the utilization of biochar adsorbent prepared from chicken manure for the adsorption of methyl orange dye. They have rep...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Editors
• Contributors
• 1 Agricultural Waste Biomass Utilization as a Bio-Adsorbent: Activated Carbon for Dye Removal
• 2 Agricultural Waste Biomass Utilization in Waste Water Treatment
• 3 Phytochemical Extraction from Waste Biomass
• 4 Biomass (Agricultural Waste) as Sustainable Reinforcement in Polymer Composite
• 5 Biomass Accretion and Control Strategies in Gas Biofiltration
• 6 Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Biomass
• 7 Catalytic Cracking of Jatropha curcas Non-Edible Oil to Hydrocarbons of Gasoline Fraction: Optimization Studies through the Box-Behenken Method
• 8 Production of Hydrogen from Waste Biomass
• 9 Microbial Mediated Waste Management and Bioenergy Production
• 10 Use of Waste Biomass as Remediator for Environmental Pollution
• 11 Recent Trends in Biomass Conservation and Management
• 12 Revalorization of Waste Biomass for Preparing Biodegradable Composite Materials
• 13 Biomass of Microalgae as Potential Biodiesel Source for Future Energy Needs
• 14 Waste Biomass Pretreatment Using Novel Materials
• 15 Corporate Social Accountability in Waste Production and Management
• Index