ESL - English as a Second Language

a QuickStudy Digital Reference Guide

Misa Lindberg, MEd, TESOL

• Publisher: QuickStudy Reference Guides
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781423243274
• Topic: Lingue e linguistica
• Subtopic: Lingua inglese

Designed as a multi-purpose tool for English language learners. Best if used during or after a course, training, or tutoring of the English language, even if being taught by friends or family. All content is in English. The most common, functional and useful English words and phrases to navigate daily life are included as well as essential grammar usage rules. This digital guide is handy enough to go anywhere as a cheat sheet reference for speaking English. As a new student of the language this is a must-have, as the learner progresses the guide offers quick access answers for practice until the guide becomes less and less necessary.
Digital guide includes:

• Alphabet, Cardinal Numbers, Ordinals
• Measures, Money, Food
• Days & Dates, Months of Year, Seasons
• Family, Health, Emergency Safety
• Invitations & Offers, Emotions, Greetings
• Colors, Holidays, Weather & Climate
• The 50 United States & Jurisdictions
• Government, Common Jobs, Directions, Time
• Opinions
• Digital Language, School & University
• Medical
• Nouns, Plurals of Nouns, Pronouns
• Articles
• Adjectives, Adverbs
• Conjunctions, Prepositions
• The English Sentence
• Asking Questions

The English Sentence

A sentence usually has a subject [S] and a verb [V].

Boys

S

run

V

.

People

S

eat

V

.

Fish

S

swim

V

.

• Some sentences also have an object [O].

  • People

    S

    eat

    V

    food

    O

    .

  • Mary

    S

    enjoyed

    V

    the

    movie

    O

    .

  • They

    S

    need

    V

    passports

    O

    .
• Some sentences also have an indirect object [IO].
  • John gave a present to

    me

    IO

    .
  • John gave

    me

    IO

    a present. [no preposition]

Clauses

• Basically, a sentence is a “clause.”
• A clause has a subject and a verb.
• There are two basic clauses in English: independent and dependent clauses. EX:

  I’m going to the store

  [independent]

  because I need milk

  [dependent]

  .
• The dependent clause needs the independent clause for the complete meaning.
• There are three types of dependent clauses in English.
• Each of them has a name that describes what each does in a sentence: adjective clauses, noun clauses, and adverb clauses.

Adjective Clauses

• Adjective clauses work like adjectives; they give more information about nouns they are describing.
  • Who is used for persons.
  • Which is used for things.
  • That is used for both.
    • Which girl? The girl who is talking is my cousin.
    • Which book? The book that you borrowed is my sister’s.
  • Whose is used for possession:
    • My friend

      whose car was stolen

      (his car)

      went to the police.
    • I met a girl

      whose mother is a pilot

      (her mother)

      .

Noun Clauses

Noun clauses are used like nouns. A noun can be a subject or an object in a sentence. A noun clause can also be a subject or an object of a sentence.

Subjects of Sentences

Lateness
Your coming late
That you came late			makes me angry.
That he didn’t do his work
His absence

• When a noun clause is used as a subject, the word that is often used.
• The subject it can also be used by placing the noun clause at the end of the sentence. EX: It makes me angry that you came late. EX: It makes me angry that he didn’t do his work.

Note: That is optional in the two sentences above.

Objects of Sentences

			something.
			your name. French.
I know			[that] your birthday is tomorrow.
			[that] Washington was the first
			president.

Adverb Clauses

• Adverb clauses are used like adverbs.
• They answer ques...