Internet of Things

Frameworks for Enabling and Emerging Technologies

Bharat Bhusan, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bhuvan Unhelkar, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz, Lamia Karim, Bharat Bhusan, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bhuvan Unhelkar, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz, Lamia Karim

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781000578997
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Informatik
• Subtopic: Informatik Allgemein

Today, Internet of Things (IoT) is ubiquitous as it is applied in practice in everything from Industrial Control Systems (ICS) to e-Health, e-commerce, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), smart cities, smart parking, healthcare, supply chain management and many more. Numerous industries, academics, alliances and standardization organizations make an effort on IoT standardization, innovation and development. But there is still a need for a comprehensive framework with integrated standards under one IoT vision. Furthermore, the existing IoT systems are vulnerable to huge range of malicious attacks owing to the massive numbers of deployed IoT systems, inadequate data security standards and the resource-constrained nature. Existing security solutions are insufficient and therefore it is necessary to enable the IoT devices to dynamically counter the threats and save the system.

Apart from illustrating the diversified IoT applications, this book also addresses the issue of data safekeeping along with the development of new security-enhancing schemes such as blockchain, as well as a range of other advances in IoT. The reader will discover that the IoT facilitates a multidisciplinary approach dedicated to create novel applications and develop integrated solutions to build a sustainable society. The innovative and fresh advances that demonstrate IoT and computational intelligence in practice are discussed in this book, which will be helpful and informative for scientists, research scholars, academicians, policymakers, industry professionals, government organizations and others.

This book is intended for a broad target audience, including scholars of various generations and disciplines, recognized scholars (lecturers and professors) and young researchers (postgraduate and undergraduates) who study the legal and socio-economic consequences of the emergence and dissemination of digital technologies such as IoT. Furthermore, the book is intended for researchers, developers and operators working in the field of IoT and eager to comprehend the vulnerability of the IoT paradigm. The book will serve as a comprehensive guide for the advanced-level students in computer science who are interested in understanding the severity and implications of the accompanied security issues in IoT.

Dr. Bharat Bhushan is an Assistant Professor of Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) at School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.

Prof. (Dr.) Sudhir Kumar Sharma is currently a Professor and Head of the Department of Computer Science, Institute of Information Technology & Management affiliated to GGSIPU, New Delhi, India.

Prof. (Dr.) Bhuvan Unhelkar (BE, MDBA, MSc, PhD; FACS; PSM-I, CBAP®) is an accomplished IT professional and Professor of IT at the University of South Florida, Sarasota-Manatee (Lead Faculty).

Dr. Muhammad Fazal Ijaz is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea.

Prof. (Dr.) Lamia Karim is a professor of computer science at the National School of Applied Sciences Berrechid (ENSAB), Hassan 1st University.

1IoT Conceptual Model and Application

Utpal Pandey, Vivek Kumar Srivastav,

Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, and Neelu

IIIT, Lucknow, India

DOI: 10.1201/9781003219620-1

CONTENTS

• 1.1Introduction
  • 1.1.1History of IoT
• 1.2Conceptual Model
• 1.3Applications of IoT
  • 1.3.1IoT in Smart Homes
  • 1.3.2IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things)
  • 1.3.3IoT in Agriculture
  • 1.3.4IoT in Health Management
  • 1.3.5IoT in Transport Sector
  • 1.3.6IoT in Handy Devices
    • 1.3.6.1Head
    • 1.3.6.2Torso
    • 1.3.6.3Foot, Leg and Arm
    • 1.3.6.4Cardiac Wearable Devices
• 1.4Simulation Model and Framework
  • 1.4.1Design of IoT Simulator
  • 1.4.2General Layered Architecture of IoTSim [20]
    • 1.4.2.1CloudSim Core Simulation Engine Layer
    • 1.4.2.2CloudSim Simulation Layer
    • 1.4.2.3Storage Layer
    • 1.4.2.4Big Data Processing Layer
    • 1.4.2.5User Code Layer
• 1.5IoT Protocols
  • 1.5.1Constrained Application Protocol (COAP)
  • 1.5.2Message Queue Telemetry (MQTT)
  • 1.5.3Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
  • 1.5.4Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
  • 1.5.5Data Distribution Service (DDS)
  • 1.5.6Zigbee
  • 1.5.7Z-wave
  • 1.5.8Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network (LoWPAN)
• 1.6Software Architecture of IoT
  • 1.6.1Thing’s Identification
  • 1.6.2Data Collection of Things
  • 1.6.3Thing’s Behaviour Control
• 1.7Middleware in IoT
• 1.8IoT Simulators and Emulators
  • 1.8.1IoT Simulator
  • 1.8.2IoT Emulator
• 1.9Need of Firmware and IoT Programming Languages
• 1.10Security in IoT
• 1.11Conclusion
• References

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Smart technologies, such as smartphones, home, city, business and entertainment applications, now have over two billion users [1]. The capabilities of these smart things allow machines to connect with or without the use of a user intermediary, giving rise to the name “Internet of Things” (IoT). The IoT is a network of interconnected computing systems, animals, objects or people with unique identifiers, digital and mechanical devices and the capacity to share data without having human-to-computer or human-to-human interaction [2–4]. When household appliances are linked to a network, they will collaborate to deliver the best service possible, rather than as a series of individually operating machines. This function is helpful for a variety of real-world technologies and utilities, such as building a smart home; for example, windows can be automatically opened to maintain oxygen saturation when the gas oven is turned on or closed when the air conditioner is switched on.

IoT provides a lucid and broad platform for actuation, device and process integration, turning them into intelligent systems that can perform and learn independently. A massive array of unstructured, structured and semi-structured data is generated, which requires improved data space and a more comprehensive range of processing and storage systems. These IoT systems have surfaced as dynamic and global network transport with self-configuring ability, including things that can work in coherence and communicate with them and the environment through sensor swinging and the Internet. But heterogeneity in terms of sensing, actuation and variety in applications poses state-of-the-art problems in IoT architecture definitions, communication and routing protocol designing and security. IoT has transformed the world into an ecosystem of intelligent devices with HetNets, and its penultimate goal is to provide ease to the end user with simple plug and play options.

1.1.1 History of Iot

IoT is not a modern concept in computer science. Still, it has evolved into a new standard that incorporates many smart objects – which are rapidly increasing, and their capability to be remotely linked – with data sharing from multiple sources.

In 1990, Simon Hackett and John Romkey created the Internet Toaster, the first connected toaster appliance powered by the Internet [5]. Interop also added a small robotic arm to pick up a slice of bread into the toaster in 1991, making it a fully automated unit.

The Internet Toaster was linked to the Internet ten years later, in 1999. As Kevin Ashton invented the word “Internet of things,” the name “IoT” became well-known. In the same year, Arlen Nipper of Arcom (now Eurotech) and Dr Andy Stanford-Clark of IBM presented Telemetry Transport, the first machine-to-machine protocol for connected devices [6].

LG Company unveiled plans for the first refrigerator linked to the Internet, called the LG Internet Refrigerator [7], a year later. After more than 20 years of birth of the Internet Toaster, more than 40 years of Internet growth, and more than ten years since the word “Internet of Things” was coined, there are currently 13 billion devices linked worldwide (2 devices per person), with 50 billion devices. These devices are predicted to be connected to the Internet (six devices per person) by 2020 [8].

1.2 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

The IoT is a netwo...