KOSMOS IM XXI. JAHRHUNDERT KOSMOS NEL XXI SECOLO
eBook - ePub

KOSMOS IM XXI. JAHRHUNDERT KOSMOS NEL XXI SECOLO

Atti del convegno dell'Associazione Italiana/ Tagungsband der Konferenz des Italienischen Vereins Alexander von Humboldt Villa Vigoni 11-14 Aprile/April 2019

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eBook - ePub

KOSMOS IM XXI. JAHRHUNDERT KOSMOS NEL XXI SECOLO

Atti del convegno dell'Associazione Italiana/ Tagungsband der Konferenz des Italienischen Vereins Alexander von Humboldt Villa Vigoni 11-14 Aprile/April 2019

About this book

Questo volume raccoglie gli atti del convegno nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana Alexander von Humboldt, tenutosi presso il Centro italo-tedesco per il dialogo europeo Villa Vigoni, (Loveno di Menaggio) dall'11 al 14 aprile 2019. Il convegno, dal titolo Kosmos nel XXI Secolo, dedicato alla celebrazione dei 250 anni dalla nascita di Alexander von Humboldt, si Ăš proposto come una rivisitazione in chiave attuale dell'ultimo lavoro di Humboldt e suo testamento spirituale Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung. Partendo dalla immagine integrata e coerente del cosmo proposta da Humboldt, il convegno si Ăš delineato come una vivace occasione di dibattito interdisciplinare su questioni di interesse globale e di grande attualitĂ . Temi inerenti al fabbisogno energetico, alla biodiversitĂ , ai viaggi, alla comunicazione, alle migrazioni, alla poesia, alla storia e alla geografia sono stati affrontati con interesse e spirito costruttivo tra discipline scientifiche e umanistiche nel suggestivo contesto di Villa Vigoni e del lago di Como. Il convegno, sostenuto dalla fondazione tedesca Alexander von Humboldt, Ăš stato aperto e concluso dai rappresentanti istituzionali della Repubblica Federale di Germania ed ha avuto una ampia partecipazione nazionale ed internazionale. Dieser Sammelband enthĂ€lt die BeitrĂ€ge zur nationalen Konferenz der italienischen Alexander von Humboldt Gesellschaft, die vom 11. bis 14. April 2019 im Deutsch-Italienischen Zentrum fĂŒr EuropĂ€ischen Dialog Villa Vigoni in Loveno di Menaggio (Como) stattfand. Die Konferenz mit dem Titel Kosmos im XXI. Jahrhundert widmete sich der 250 Jahr-Feier des Geburtstags Alexander von Humboldts und bot somit einen aktuellen Blick auf Humboldts letztes Werk und sein geistiges Erbe: Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung. Ausgehend von Humboldts Bild des Kosmos, bot die Konferenz eine lebendige Gelegenheit fĂŒr eine interdisziplinĂ€re Debatte ĂŒber Fragen von globalem und aktuellem Interesse. Fragen der Energienachfrage, BiodiversitĂ€t, Reisen, Kommunikation und Migration, Poesie und Geschichte sowie Geographie wurden behandelt und in einem interessanten und konstruktiven Vergleich zwischen den Disziplinen im wissenschaftlich und humanistisch Kontext von Villa Vigoni diskutiert. Die Konferenz, unterstĂŒtzt von der Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, wurde von den institutionellen Vertretern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eröffnet und hatte eine große nationale sowie internationale Beteiligung.

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Yes, you can access KOSMOS IM XXI. JAHRHUNDERT KOSMOS NEL XXI SECOLO by Giacomo de Angelis,Giacomo de Angelis in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Biological Sciences & Biology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
A very special Humboldtian, or Darwin on the quantity and variety of life
Antonello La Vergata
1. Prologue: Darwin the Humboldtian
Charles Darwin admired “the illustrious Humboldt”. As a young man in Cambridge, he wrote to his sister Caroline on 28 April 1831: “All the while I am writing now my head is running about the Tropics; in the morning I go and gaze at Palm trees in the hot-house and come home and read Humboldt: my enthusiasm is so great that I cannot hardly [sic] sit still on my chair” (Darwin 1985–: vol. 1, p. 122). He considered Humboldt “the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived”, and he was fascinated by his “glorious descriptions” and “glowing accounts of tropical scenery”, and the “rare union of poetry with science which he so strongly displays when writing on tropical scenery”. Humboldt’s Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent, during the Years 1799-1804 (1814-1829)26 was one of the works that most influenced him: it “stirred up in me a burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble structure of Natural Science” (Barlow ed. 1958: 67-68). “I never forget that my whole course of life is due to having read & re-read as a Youth his Personal Narrative”27. He had with him on the Beagle a copy of the 1822 English translation of volumes 1 and 2, combined in one volume, a present by his professor of botany at Cambridge, John Stevens Henslow, “to his friend C. Darwin on his departure from England upon a voyage around the World 21 Sept.r 1831”. Believe it or not, he went so far as saying that “nothing could be better adapted for cheering the heart of a sea-sick man” (Darwin 2001: 18, 24, 42). He took the book up and annotated it even in his mature life28. It is no exaggeration to say that he saw tropical nature through Humboldt’s eyes29. While at Bahia, he wrote in his diary on 28 February 1832: “I am at present fit only to read Humboldt; he like another sun illumines everything I behold” (Darwin 2001: 42). And in a letter to Henslow from Rio de Janeiro on 18 May 1832: “Here I first saw a Tropical forest in all its sublime grandeur [
] I formerly admired Humboldt, I now almost adore him; he alone gives any notion of the feelings which are raised in the mind on first entering the Tropics” (Darwin 1985–: vol. 1, p. 237)30.
2. Measuring and contemplating
To Humboldt, measuring and describing, analysis and synthesis were one with the aesthetic contemplation of nature, what Darwin called the “enthusiasm” of his descriptions31. Indeed, he thought that the pleasure that a “receptive mind” derives from the contemplation of nature is so great that in the preface to the first edition of his Ansichten der Natur (1808) he felt almost compelled to apologise to the reader for adding “some scientific explanations” to each of the essays contained in the book: that pleasure, he said, “is multiplied by an understanding of the intimate connection of natural forces”. In the preface to the second and third editions of the work he wrote that his purpose was “to describe nature in such a way as to convey as much as possible the pleasure of vision, while at the same time contributing, on the basis of the present state of science, to a better understanding of the harmonious whole which governs the action of natural forces”. It was a difficult task to offer “an aesthetic treatment of the great sceneries of nature”, with the aim of combining “a literary purpose and a purely scientific one, the desire to ignite the imagination, while at the same time enriching the life of ideas through the growth of knowledge” (Humboldt 1987; his emphasis). But it was a necessary and rewarding task, and Humboldt pursued it throghout his life, including in his studies on apparently dreary subjects. Plant geography, for instance, considered vegetables “sous leurs rapports d’association locale dans les diffĂ©rents climats”. But it did not resctrict itself to this:
[Elle] ne range pas seulement les vĂ©gĂ©taux selon les zones et les hauteurs diffĂ©rentes auxquelles ils se trouvent; elle ne se contente pas de les considĂ©rer selon les degrĂ©s de pression atmosphĂ©rique, de tempĂ©rature, d’humiditĂ© et de tension Ă©lectrique, sous lesquels ils vivent: elle distingue parmi eux, comme parmi les animaux, deux classes qui ont une maniĂšre de vivre et, si l’on ose le dire, des habitudes trĂšs-diffĂ©rentes.
Les uns croissent isolĂ©s et Ă©pars [
] D’autres plantes, rĂ©unies en sociĂ©tĂ© comme les fourmies et les abeilles, couvrent des terrains immenses, dont elles excluent toute espĂšce hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne [
] Ces plantes associĂ©es sont plus communes dans les zones tempĂ©rĂ©es que sous les tropiques, dont la vĂ©gĂ©tation moins uniforme est par cela mĂȘme plus pittoresque. (Humboldt 1805: 14-15)
The naturalist must not be a mere classifier, for the latter “makes different groups of many plants that the student of the physiognomy of nature cannot but associate to one another”. The impression gĂ©nĂ©rale of an area owes its special character not only to the mass of its forms of life. Its physionomie varies with geography more than taxonomical groups do. And physionomy is a source of aesthetic inspiration.
L’homme sensible aux beautĂ©s de la nature trouve [dans la gĂ©ographie des plantes] l’explication de l’influence qu’exerce l’aspect de la vĂ©gĂ©tation sur le goĂ»t et l’imagination des peuples. Il se plaira Ă  examiner en quoi consiste ce que l’on nomme le caractĂšre de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, et la variĂ©tĂ© de sensations qu’elle produit dans l’ñme de celui qui la contemple. Ces considĂ©rations sont d’autant plus importantes qu’elles touchent de prĂšs aux moyens par lesquels les arts d’imitation et la poĂ©sie descriptive parviennent Ă  agir sur nous. Le simple aspect de la nature, la vue des champs et des bois, causent une jouissance qui diffĂšre essentiellement de l’impression que fait l’étude particuliĂšre de la structure d’un ĂȘtre organisĂ©. Ici, c’est le dĂ©tail qui nous intĂ©resse et qui excite notre curiositĂ©; lĂ , c’est l’ensemble, ce sont des masses, qui agitent notre imagination [
]
Dans la variété des végétaux qui couvrent la charpente de notre planÚte, on distingue sans peine quelques formes générales auxquelles se réduisent la plupart des autres, et qui présentent autant de familles ou groupes plus ou moins analogues entre eux. Je me borne à nommer quinze de ces groupes32, dont la physionomie offre une étude importante au peintre paysagiste. (ibid.: 30-31).
Furthermore, botanical geography is a privileged field for testing that most speculative exercise of scientific imagination: the origin and transformations of floras.
«C’est par le secours de la gĂ©ographie des plantes que l’on peut remonter avec quelque certitude jusqu’au premier Ă©tat physique du globe [
]. C’est cette science qui examine si, Ă  travers l’immense variĂ©tĂ© des formes vĂ©gĂ©tales, on peut reconnoÎtre quelques formes primitives, et si la diversitĂ© des espĂšces doit ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme l’effet d’une dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration qui a rendu constantes, avec le temps, des variĂ©tĂ©s d’abord accidentelles.
Si j’osois tirer des conclusions gĂ©nĂ©rales des phĂ©nomĂšnes que j’ai observĂ©s dans les deux hĂ©misphĂšres, les germes des cryptogames me paroĂźtraient les seuls que la nature dĂ©veloppe spontanĂ©ment dans tous les climats. (ibid., 20)
But Humboldt rejected evolution immediately. Transformations were caused by man, and they merely consisted in some forms being transported from one area to another.
L’homme inquiet et laborieux, en parcourant les diverses parties du monde, a forcĂ© un certain nombre de vĂ©gĂ©taux d’habiter tous les climats et toutes les hauteurs; mais cet empire n’a point dĂ©naturĂ© leur structure primitive. La pomme de terre, cultivĂ©e au Chili Ă  trois mille six cents mĂštres (1936 toises) de hauteur, porte la mĂȘme fleur que celle que l’on a introduite dans les plaines de la SibĂ©rie. L’orge qui nourrissait les chevaux d’Achille Ă©toit sans doute le mĂȘme que nous semons aujourd’hui. Les formes caractĂ©ristique des vĂ©gĂ©taux et des animaux que prĂ©sente la surface actuelle du globe, ne paroissent avoir subi aucun changement depuis les Ă©poques le plus reculĂ©es. L’ibis enfoui dans le catacombes d’Égypte, cet oiseau dont l’antiquitĂ© remonte presque Ă  celle des Pyramides, est identique avec celui qui pĂȘche aujourd’hui sur les bords du Nile; identitĂ© qui prouve Ă©videmment que les dĂ©pouilles des animaux fossiles que renferme le sein de la terre, n’appartiennent pas Ă  des variĂ©tĂ©s des espĂšces actuelles, mais Ă  un ordre de choses trĂšs-diffĂ©rent de celui sous lequel nous vivons, et trop ancien pour que nos traditions puissent y remonter33.
In Kosmos Humboldt summed up the task and results of botanical geography in the following way:
Die FĂŒlle der Organismen, deren rĂ€umliche Vertheilung die Geographie der Pflanzen und Thiere verfolgt, wird entweder nach der Verschiedenheit und relativen Zahl der Bildungstypen, also nach der Gestaltung der vorhandenen Gattungen und Arten, oder nach der Zahl der Individuen betrachtet, welche auf einem gegebenen FlĂ€cheraume einer jeden Art bekommt. Bei den Pflanzen wie bei den Thieren ist es ein wichtiger Unterschied ihrer Lebensweise, ob sie isoliert (vereinzelt) oder gesellig lebend gefunden werden. Die Arten, welche ich gesellige Pflanzen genannt habe, bedecken einförmig große Strecken [
] Diese Art der geographischen Vertheilung bestimmt, neben der individuellen Form der Pflanzengestalt, neben ihrer GrĂ¶ĂŸe, Blatt– und BlĂŒtenform, hauptsĂ€chlich den physiognomischen Charakter einer Gegend [
]
Eine wissenschaftliche Behandlung des Gegenstandes hat erst angefangen, als man die Geographie der Pflanzen mit der Lehre von der Vertheilung der WĂ€rme auf dem Erdkörper in innige Verbindung brachte, als man die GewĂ€chse nach natĂŒrlichen Familien ordnen und so numerisch unterscheiden konnte, welche Formen von Aequator gegen die Pole ab- oder zunehmen, in welchem ZahlerverhĂ€ltniß in verschiedenen Erdstrichen jede Familie zu den ganzen daselbst wachsenden Masse der Phanerogamen stehe. Es ist ein GlĂŒcklicher Umstand meines Lebens gewesen, daß zu der Zeit, in welcher ich mich fast ausschließend mit Botanik...

Table of contents

  1. Giacomo de Angelis- Prefazione/Vorwort
  2. Das Humboldt Kolleg
  3. Giacomo de Angelis - Kosmos im XXI Jahrhundert: GruÎČwort
  4. Enno Aufderheide - GruÎČwort
  5. Sandro M. Moraldo - GruÎČwort
  6. Sezione natura / Sektion Natur
  7. Enno Aufderheide - Alexander von Humboldt: a life for science, humanity and nature
  8. Francesca Lupi - Energy in the deserts from wind and sun: the challenge of the solar updraft power plant technology
  9. Diletta Giuntini - Bioinspired supercrystalline composites: nanoscience meets materials engineering
  10. Ana Montaner-PizĂĄ - Nuclear symmetries and beta decay
  11. Sezione terra / Sektion Erde
  12. Carlos Sambricio, Nuria Sanz - Humboldt-Bauzå, relación de cooperación científico-política a través del discurso geogråfico
  13. Antonello La Vergata - A very special Humboldtian, or Darwin on the quantity and variety of life
  14. Sandra Rebok - “A vast field to conquer for the sciences”: The American West in Humboldt’s Kosmos
  15. Ignazio Becchi - Tracing the steps of Amerigo Vespucci
  16. Sezione cielo / Sektion Himmel
  17. Berta Rubio - If we could have the privilege of talking to Alexander von Humboldt today about the origin of the chemical elements in the Earth
  18. Pietro U. Dini - Zur kosmologischen Vorstellung bei den Prußen. Fall-studie vom Lexikon
  19. Siegrid Agostini - Il Traité du monde di René Descartes e il Kosmos di Alexander von Humboldt. Due modelli a confronto.
  20. Riccardo Ginevra - Inherited poetics and Indo-European cosmological structure in the VoluspĂĄ, the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and the Telipinu myth
  21. Giulio Navarra - La cosmologia degli arabi: Alessandro di Afrodisia e il trattato Sul governo delle sfere celesti
  22. Sezione popoli / Sektion Völker
  23. Carlotta Santini - L’unità del mare e l’unità dei popoli. Modelli antropogeografici per una fenomenologia delle relazioni uomo/mare.
  24. Katharina Salzmann - La promozione del multilinguismo nella comunicazione accademica: considerazioni generali e proposte didattiche
  25. Corrado Malandrino - La visione liberale e progressista del Kosmos di Alexander von Humboldt
  26. Riccardo Pozzo - Cento miliardi per Orizzonte Europa, ma quale ruolo per le scienze umane e sociali?
  27. Sezione esplorazione / Sektion Erforschung
  28. Francesco Paolo Gallotta - Storia e modernitĂ  nel pensiero di Martin Heidegger
  29. Sotera Fornaro - Alexander von Humboldt e la Altertumswissenschaft: alcune considerazioni.
  30. Patrizio Malloggi - Colori tra lingua e cultura
  31. Tommaso Giuseppe Ferro - La nozione di ‘causa’ in Ulrico di Strasburgo
  32. Yaseen A. Al-Soud - Recent Applications of Triazoles in Medicinal Chemistry
  33. Marwan S. Mousa - Twenty two years (1997 – 2019) of Academic Cooperation, Networking and Partnership in changing communities as part of the Humboldt Kosmos
  34. L’associazione italiana Alexander von Humboldt: storia
  35. Authors