Fundamentals of Crystallography, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Scientists

Dong ZhiLi

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN: 9780367357948
• eBook ISBN: 9781000569902
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Spectroscopy & Spectrum Analysis

The structure–property relationship is a key topic in materials science and engineering. To understand why a material displays certain behaviors, the first step is to resolve its crystal structure and reveal its structure characteristics. Fundamentals of Crystallography, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Scientists equips readers with an in-depth understanding of using powder x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy for the analysis of crystal structures.

• Introduces fundamentals of crystallography
• Covers XRD of materials, including geometry and intensity of diffracted x-ray beams and experimental methods
• Describes TEM of materials and includes atomic scattering factors, electron diffraction, and diffraction and phase contrasts
• Discusses applications of HRTEM in materials research
• Explains concepts used in XRD and TEM lab training

Based on the author's course lecture notes, this text guides materials science and engineering students with minimal reliance on advanced mathematics. It will also appeal to a broad spectrum of readers, including researchers and professionals working in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, applied physics, and chemical engineering.

Part I Introduction to Crystallography

Natural or synthetic solid state materials can have amorphous, aperiodic crystalline or periodic crystalline structures; for periodic crystalline materials, the crystal size can be at the nanometer, micrometer, millimeter scale or even larger. A polycrystalline material contains many crystallites or grains oriented differently, whereas a single crystal only has one grain, therefore it has no grain boundaries. In our surroundings, we can find many useful materials that are in periodic crystalline forms; their properties are directly related to their chemical compositions, chemical bonding types, crystal structures and electronic structures, as presented in the examples in the Introduction.

From about the seventeenth century, it was noticed that the beauty of the symmetry of crystals suggested the existence of underlying orders of some kind. From their external symmetries and shapes, it was argued that crystals must consist of ordered arrangements of tiny particles, which are known as atoms and ions today. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, there was a real explosion of crystallography research (Lima-de-Faria and Buerger, 1990). For example, in 1801, the French scientist Rene Just Hauy produced a crystal drawing based on polyhedral molecules. Also in the early nineteenth century, the German scientist Christian Samuel Weiss derived crystal forms from crystallographic axes, and the English scientist William Hallowes Miller proposed the hkl notation.

The 32 crystallographic point groups were derived in 1830 by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel. Axel Gadolin, independently of Hessel, also derived the 32 crystal classes. We know that the 32 point groups can be classified into 7 crystal systems, the combination of which with 4 lattice types generate 14 Bravais lattices. In 1848, the French physicist Auguste Bravais derived 14 possible arrangements of points in space. Bravais lattices are named after him to remind us of his contribution.

The Russian crystallographer Evgra...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Author
• Symbols Used in This Book
• Introduction
• Part I Introduction to Crystallography
• Part II X-ray Diffraction of Materials
• Part III Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials
• Appendix 1 Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms, and Associated Equations
• Appendix 2 Nearly Free Electron Approximation and the Band Structure of Crystals
• Index