Philosophy For Dummies

Tom Morris

• Publisher: For Dummies
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN: 9781119875673
• eBook ISBN: 9781119875697
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Philosophy
• Subtopic: History & Theory of Philosophy

You think, therefore you are. Get a straightforward rundown on philosophy from the ancient world to today

If you've ever pondered your existence over your morning coffee or considered the nature of crime and punishment, you're an amateur philosopher. From everyday questions about happiness and responsibility to deep, spiritual examinations about God and the cosmos, philosophy pervades every part of our lives. And even though it might seem complex at first glance, these questions that affect everyone on the planet can be understood and talked about by anyone!

In Philosophy For Dummies, Dr. Tom Morris delivers a refreshing and engaging exploration of the fundamentals of philosophy and shows you that philosophy can be fascinating and fun at the same time. You'll be introduced to topics like the meaning of life, religious belief, and ways to live in the most satisfying ways. You'll also learn about the insights of some of history's greatest philosophers.

This book is full of the questions—and proposed solutions—to the questions that keep philosophers up at night, like:

• When should we doubt our beliefs and knowledge?
• Is there a God? What is His/Her/Their nature?
• Do we have free will or are we simply acting out physical imperatives?

Whether you're interested in the nature of the mind/soul versus the body, or you want to learn more about morals and ethics, Philosophy For Dummies will be your personal guide to some of life's most enduring problems and questions.

Part 1

What Is Philosophy, Anyway?

IN THIS PART …

• Cut through the false image of philosophy in our time.
• Find out what philosophy really is and does.
• Explore a philosophical way of thinking and living.

Chapter 1

Great Thinkers, Deep Thoughts

IN THIS CHAPTER

Hearing common misunderstandings of philosophy, courtesy of the famous

Examining the importance of the examined life — the life worth living

Looking at the questions to consider in a deep quest for understanding

• Conversation you’re not likely to hear at any point in your life:
• Him: “Hey, Honey, what do you want to do tonight?”
• Her: “How about some philosophy?”
• Him: “Sounds great!”
• Her: “Invite the neighbors!”

Okay, let’s face it. For at least a hundred years, philosophy hasn’t exactly enjoyed the most appealing reputation in our culture. But that situation is about to change. This deepest, most exciting, and ultimately most practical activity of the mind has been misunderstood for long enough. It’s time to acknowledge that there are many critics and move beyond them.

In this chapter, you’ll be introduced to the broad array of worries and criticisms that otherwise highly intelligent and accomplished people have leveled against the enterprise of philosophy, and then you’ll get to see more deeply the real truth about this ancient and profound way of thinking.

Listening to the critics

There may be no intellectual activity more misunderstood and wrongly maligned as philosophy. The great American historian Henry Adams once characterized the entire endeavor as consisting of nothing more than “unintelligible answers to insoluble problems.” As far back as the 16th century, the prominent French essayist Michael de Montaigne proclaimed that, “philosophy is doubt.” And, of course, who enjoys doubt? It’s often uncomfortable. It can even be scary.

The 19th-century philosophical wild man, Friedrich Nietzsche, took it one more step and characterized philosophy as “an explosive, in the presence of which everything is in danger.” So, then, it really comes as no surprise to see Nietzsche’s predecessor, the English poet John Keats, worry about all the questions and doubts encouraged by philosophers and ask, “Do not all charms fly at the mere touch of cold philosophy?”

In ancient times, the Roman statesman and author Cicero even complained, “There is nothing so absurd that it hasn’t been said by some philosopher.” Of course, he too was “some philosopher.” But then there are many other very smart and even truly wise people who adopt the label of philosopher with pride. It may be revelatory to understand them and how they see their distinctive activity of the mind.

Philosophers? Crazy! Philosophers? Otherworldly! Philosophers? Gloomy! When we hear the word, we tend to have a modern image come to mind of badly groomed academics, carelessly dressed in tweed sport coats, wrinkled shirts, badly rumpled pants, and old scuffed up shoes, who go through life coated with chalk dust, stroking their beards, bearing scowls on their faces and arcane thoughts in their heads, all the while writing on blackboards or whiteboards in capital letters such weighty words as “DEATH,” and “DESPAIR.”

In 1707, Jonathan Swift wrote the following comment:

The various opinions of philosophers have scattered through the world as many plagues of the mind as Pandora’s box did those of the body; only with this difference, that they have not left hope at the bottom.

In the century approaching our own era, the widely read American journalist and literary critic H.L. Mencken once went so far as to announce, “There is no record in human history of a happy philosopher.” (But, hey, he never met me.)

NOT EXACTLY FANS OF PHILOSOPHY

It is hard to find many general subjects that are as controversial among the well educated as philosophy. Not everybody is a fan. And that’s because not everyone really understands what it’s all about. The following quotes show what some prominent individuals have had to say about philosophy and philosophers, largely because they misunderstood the enterprise and what it aims to accomplish. It will help to hear this crowd of critics in order to get beyond their misapprehensions and dive deep into what philosophy really is.

Philosophy is such an impertinently litigious lady that a man had as good be engaged in lawsuits as have to do with her.

— Sir Isaac Newton

Wonder is the foundation of all philosophy, inquiry the progress, ignorance the end.

— Montaigne

Philosophy will clip an angel’s wings …

— John Keats

All philosophies, if you ride them home, are nonsense; but some are greater nonsense than others.

— Samuel Butler

Philosophy consists largely of one philosopher arguing that all the others are jackasses. He usually proves it, and I should add that he also usually proves that he is one himself.

— H.L. Mencken

If I wished to punish a province, I would have it governed by philosophers.

— Frederick the Great

There is only one thing that a philosopher can be relied on to do, and that is to contradict other philosophers.

— William James

When he who hears doesn’t know what he who speaks means, and when he who speaks doesn’t know what he himself means — that is philosophy.

— Voltaire

There is nothing so strange and so unbelievable that it has not been said by one philosopher or the other.

— Descartes (the strange and unbelievable father of modern philosophy)

I have tried, too, in my time to be a philosopher but, I don’t know how, cheerfulness was always breaking through.

— Oliver Edwards (18th century)

So what’s the deal here? Philosophy, done right, should be the opposite of all this gloom and doom stuff. It should be stimulating, exciting, liberating, provocative, revelatory, illuminating, helpful, and fun. Philosophers themselves should be great company, the life of any party, a hoot and a half. (Okay, maybe I’m getting a little carried away here.) Even Cicero, despite his occasional grumblings about the wilder philosophers of his day once proclaimed, “If wisdom be attainable, let us not only win but enjoy it.”

I must admit that I know of at least a few great thinkers I’m glad I don’t have as neighbors. And some of their books can be … well, should I say, “less than scintillating”? And, all right, as long as I’m trying to be as candid here as possible, I should be willing to acknowledge — without naming any names, of course — that I have actually met a few exceedingly peculiar social misfits who seem to be fish out of water in ordinary life, and whose only discernible accomplishment appears to be an academic doctoral degree in philosophy from a major university. Along with, perhaps, several unintelligible publications bearing their names. And, unfortunately, a teaching position that places them as ambassadors of philosophy in front of classrooms full of bewildered and yet sometimes bemused undergraduates. But things are not always what they seem. As the ancient poet Caecilius Statius once reminded us: “There is often wisdom under a shabby cloak.”

The enterprise of philosophy itself, philosophy as a genuine human activity, can and should be great. Not to mention the fact that philosophers can be our friends. They often enjoy being taken out to dinner, or for a celebratory libation or two. On this topic, I should perhaps quote the great poet John Milton, who wrote:

• How charming is divine philosophy!
• Not harsh, and crabbed as dull fools suppose,
• But musical as is Apollo’s lute,
• And a perpetual feast of nectar’d sweets,
• Where no cruel surfeit reigns.

In other words, good stuff indeed.

The same Cicero who loudly voiced his irritation at bad philosophers didn’t shrink from praising a good one. He once described Socrates as “the first man to bring philosophy into the marketplace.” In many ways, it’s the example of Socrates that will be followed in this book. Philosophy can be brought back into the marketplace of ideas that are seriously contending for your attention. Some pretty lofty ideas can be pulled down to earth and examined for their amazing relevance to our day-to-day lives. The goal in this book is to help you get clearer on some of the issues that matter the most, but that you may ordinarily tend to think about the least.

I hope that together we can be explorers of the spirit, charting our way forward in new depths of awareness as we go. We take a close look at some exciting ideas, quite a few amazing questions, and several new perspectives for everything we think and do. We can’t nail down a definitive answer for every question that may arise, but if you stick with me for the duration, you’re likely to find yourself making more progress in appreciating and understanding these topics than you may at first imagine. I might sometimes ask some strange-sounding questions, but I promise you that, as you consider the answers, those queries can help you attain some pretty amazing perspectives on this life that we’re living. Our goal, throughout, is nothing less than a quest for wisdom itself. And that’s a vitally important matter, since, as the American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson realized, “Life is a festival only to the wise.”

Consulting Socrates on What Counts

The original public philosopher, Socrates liked to walk the streets and go to parties, along the way engaging anyone he could in philosophical dialogue. For him, philosophy was not a dry, intellectual subject, a game for pedants and scholars, but a requirement for living well. He even famously proclaimed the following axiom:

• The unexamined life is not worth living.

But what in the world does this statement mean? Everyone knows what it means to say, “This car isn’t worth $80,000,” or “This shirt isn’t worth $150,” or “The tickets to this concert aren’t worth $125 each.” But what exactly does it mean to say about a certain form of life, a particular lifestyle — what Socrates is calling “the unexamined life” — that it’s “not worth living”?

Essentially, an item is “worth” what it costs if the value or benefits that you derive from it are equal to or greater than the price you pay for it — which is ultimately the same value as the underlying effort or energy that you put into obtaining the resources required to pay that price. Whenever I think about making a certain purchase, I always ask myself whether the item is truly worth the asking price: Is it worth that amount of money? Is it worth the work it took for me to earn that amount?

A pair of shoes that a wealthy individual could see as a “very good deal” might be perceived by a person of more modest means as far too extravagantly expensive. The less well-off shopper may need to work far too hard or too long to earn that amount of money. He may then conclude that the shoes aren’t worth the cost.

But how exactly does this commonplace sort of judgment relate to Socrates’ famous claim? What is the cost — or the worth — of “the unexamined life”? Well, first we need to understand what Socrates means by this phrase.

What is “the unexamined life”? Unfortunately, it’s the form of life far too many ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Part 1: What Is Philosophy, Anyway?
• Part 2: How Do We Know Anything?
• Part 3: What Is the Good?
• Part 4: Are We Ever Really Free?
• Part 5: The Incredible, Invisible You
• Part 6: What’s the Deal with Death?
• Part 7: Is There a God?
• Part 8: The Meaning of Life
• Part 9: The Part of Tens
• Index
• About the Author
• Advertisement Page
• Connect with Dummies
• End User License Agreement