Hydraulic & Hydrologic Engineering

Fundamentals and Applications

Zohrab A. Samani

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN:
  9781032262789
• eBook ISBN:
  9781000584363
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Civil Engineering
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This book is the culmination of over 40 years of teaching, research, consulting, and international technology transfer activities. It consists of seven chapters with coverage including pipeline design, design safety, design of pumping systems, deep well turbine and submersible pumps characteristics, open channels, hydrology and design of culverts, and flow measurement devices. Some of the practical examples in this book are derived from field experience with water resource related industries at national and international levels.

Features:

• Provides numerous examples related to design and management of hydraulic structures.
• Includes various design examples for pipelines, open channels, culverts, and other hydraulic structures.
• Describes various types of pumps used in the industry and provides examples of how to design pump station and intake and outlet structures for various scenarios.

Hydraulic & Hydrologic Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications serves as a useful resource for teaching advanced engineering topics to upper-level undergraduate civil engineering students. The design-oriented coverage will also serve professionals involved in design and management of water resources and related industries.

1 Pipeline Design

DOI: 10.1201/9781003287537-1

1.1 Dimensions Associated with Common Physical Quantities

Table 1.1 Standard Dimensions

	FLT System	MLT System
Acceleration	LT^−2	LT^−2
Angle	FᵒLᵒTᵒ	MᵒLᵒTᵒ
Angular acceleration	T^−2	T^−2
Angular velocity	T^−1	T^−1
Area	L^2	L^2
Density	FL^−4T^2	ML^−3
Energy	FL	ML^2T^−2
Force	F	MLT^−2
Frequency	T^−1	T^−1
Length	L	L
Mass	FL^−1T^2	M
Modulus of elasticity	FL^−2	ML^−1T^−2
Moment of a force	FL	ML^2T^−2
Moment of inertia (area)	L^4	L^4
Moment of inertia (mass)	FLT^2	ML^2
Momentum	FT	MLT^−1
Power	FLT^−1	ML^2T^−3
Pressure	FL^−2	ML^−1T^−2
Specific heat	L^2T^−2Ѳ^−1	L^2T^−2Ѳ^−1
Specific weight	FL^−3	ML^−2T^−2
Strain	FᵒLᵒTᵒ	MᵒLᵒTᵒ
Stress	FL^−2	ML^−1T^−2
Surface tension	FL^−1	MT^−2
Temperature	Ѳ	Ѳ
Time	T	T
Torque	FL	ML^2T^−2
Velocity	LT^−1	LT^−1
Dynamic viscosity	FL^−2T	ML^−1T^−1
Kinematic viscosity	L^2T^−1	L^2T^−1
Volume	L^3	L^3
Work	FL	ML^2T^−2
PSI	FL^−2	ML^−1T^−2

1.2 Summary of Equations

This chapter describes the basic principles of fluid mechanics/hydraulics, of which there are three:

• Conservation of energy
• Conservation of mass
• Conservation of forces/momentum principles

Conservation of energy, as applied to hydraulic systems, can be summarized as:

$$E_1=E_2+h_{\mathrm{L}}-h_{\mathrm{p}}+h_{\mathrm{t}}$$

where E₁ is upstream energy, E₂ is downstream energy, h_L is the head loss, h_p is the head of any pump in the system and h_t is the head associated with any turbine or other energy-consuming device in the system. If we do not have a pump or turbine, then the conservation of energy equation will simplify to:

$$\frac{{V_1}^2}{2g}+\frac{P_1}{\gamma }+Z_1=\frac{{V_2}^2}{2g}+\frac{P_2}{\gamma }+Z_2+h_{\mathrm{L}}$$

where h_L = h_f (friction loss) + h_m (minor loss)

Conservation of mass is described as:

$${\rho }_{1A_1{V}_1}={\rho }_{2A_2{V}_2}$$

where ρ₁ and ρ₂ are densities, A₁ and A₂ are areas and V₁ and V₂ are flow velocities.

If the density of the fluid is constant, then the conservation of mass simplifies to:

$$A_1{V}_1=A_2{V}_2=Q$$

where Q is the volumetric flow rate.

Conservation of forces is based on Newton’s second law of motion and can be expressed as:

$$\sum \overrightarrow{F}=\rho Q\left(\overrightarrow{V_2}-\overrightarrow{V_1}\right)$$

where F, V₁ and V₂ are vector force and velocities respectively, ρ is the density and Q is the volumetric flow rate.

1.2.1 Empirical Equations

The Hazen–William (H–W) equation is an empirical closed-form solution of Equation (1.2) below. It is limited to V < 3 m/s and diameter > 2 inches

$$V=1.318C_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{W}}{R}_{\mathrm{h}}^{0.63}{S}^{0.54}\mathrm{English}\mathrm{system}$$

$$V=0.85C_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{W}}{R}_{\mathrm{h}}^{0.63}{S}^{0.54}\mathrm{Metric}\left(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}\right)\mathrm{system}$$

Some conventional forms of the H–W equation are shown below:

$$h_{\mathrm{f}}=\mathrm{10....}$$

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Author’s Biography
• 1 Pipeline Design
• 2 Design Safety
• 3 Design of Pumping Systems
• 4 Deep-Well Turbine and Submersible Pump Curves
• 5 Open-Channel Hydraulics
• 6 Hydrology and Design of Culverts
• 7 Simple Flow Measurement Structures
• Index