Eight miles long and four miles wide, Grand Island lies off the south shore of Lake Superior. It was once home to a sizable community of Chippewa Indians who lived in harmony with the land and with each other. Their tragic demise began early in the nineteenth century when their fellow tribesmen from the mainland goaded them into waging war against rival Sioux. The war party was decimated; only one young brave, Powers of the Air, lived to tell the story that celebrated the heroism of his band and formed the basis of the legend that survives today. Distinguished historian Loren R. Graham has spent more than forty years researching and reconstructing the poignant tale of Powers of the Air and his people. A Face in the Rock is an artful melding of human history and natural history; it is a fascinating narrative of the intimate relation between place and people.
Powers of the Air lived to witness the desecration of Grand Island by the fur and logging industries, the Christianization of the tribe, and the near total loss of the Chippewa language, history, and culture. Graham charts the plight of the Chippewa as white culture steadily encroaches, forcing the native people off the island and dispersing their community on the mainland. The story ends with happier events of the past two decades, including the protection of Grand Island within the National Forest system, and the resurgence of Chippewa culture.
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INDEX
Adikiminis Island
Agassiz, Louis
Agate Point
Agawa pictographs
Aishkebugekozh (Flat Mouth)
Aitkin, William
Albion College
Albjerg, Patricia
Albjerg, Victor
Alger County
Algic Researches
American Fur Company
Ames family
Anderson, Dick
Anderson, Olive M.
Anderson, R.
Anishinabeg
Au Train
Autumn Duck
Banta, Judge David D.
Baraga, Frederic
Barnett family
Battle of the Cavern
Bay de Noc
Bayliss Public Library
Bay Mills
Bay Mills Community College
Bear’s Hump (Mukwa-boam)
Beaver Beach
Beaver dam, Echo Lake
Beich family
Beich, Hobby
Belfry, Ted
Benchley, Elizabeth
Benzing, Peter
Beyer, Emil J.
Biddle, Edward
Biddle, Nicholas
Bird family
Bird-Pole Saloon
Blair, Antoine
Blair family
Blake family
Bogue, Margaret Beattie
Bokwewa
Bonner, Sheila
Boshkwadosh (the Mastodon)
Bouschor, Bernard
Boweting (Sault Ste. Marie)
Bremer, Richard G.
Brimley, Michigan
British influence
Brown family
Brulé, Etienne
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Burg, Bonnie
Burial customs, Chippewa
Calhoun, John
Callicott, J. Baird
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cameron, Frank
Cameron, Julia
Cameron, Keith
Cameron, Sophie
Cameron, William; at lighthouse
Campbell, George
Canal, St. Mary’s
Caribou Island
Carlisle Indian School
Carlson family
Carlson, Kathie
Carr, John
Carter, James
Carter, Letitia Hall
Cass, Lewis; on 1820 expedition; sources
Castle, Beatrice Hansom
Cemetery Beach
Chapman, Kim Alan
Charmed arrow
Chase, Teresa
Chequamegon
Cherokees
Chippewa religion
Christianity
Christmas
Clark family
Clark, Jim
Clark, Marie
Clastic dikes
Cleland, Charles E.
Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company; buys island; policies; sells island
Clifton, James A.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Conway, Julie
Conway, Thor
Coolman, Chuck
Copway, George (Kahgegagahbowh)
Cornell, George L.
Cox, William A.
Creationism
Cromell, Bob
Cromell, Bruce
Dahlia, lighthouse tender
Danziger, Edmund
Darwin, Charles
DDT
Densmore, Frances
Desjardins, Lewis
Detroit
Dewdney...
Table of contents
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Table of Contents
- PROLOGUE
- THE IDYLLIC LIFE
- FROM PEACE TO WAR
- THE BATTLE OF THE CAVERN
- A SONG FOR THE DEAD
- A PARTRIDGE FOR PEARL-WHISPER
- HUNGER
- FROM CULTURE TO COMMODITIES
- SPREADING. THE LEGEND
- CREATING HIAWATHA
- SETTLING THE ISLAND
- CUNNING VERSUS WAR
- SHOOTING THE TOTEM
- SHINING THE LIGHT
- SPREADING THE GOSPEL
- RETURNING TO TROUT BAY
- EPILOGUE: DECLINE AND RENEWAL
- SOURCES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- INDEX
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