Navigating Adult Stammering

100 Points for Speech and Language Therapists

Trudy Stewart

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2022
• eBook ISBN: 9781000584899
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Education
• Subtopic: Audiology & Speech Pathology

This book, the first in an exciting new series, provides speech and language therapy students and newly qualified and beginning stammering specialists with 100 key points that will help form a strong foundation for their work supporting adults and teenagers who stammer.

Composed of practical, relevant and useful advice from an experienced clinician, chapters break advice down into sections which include information about the therapeutic relationship, therapeutic approaches and signposts to further resources. Throughout the book, comments from stammering specialists describe what they wish they had known at the start of their careers.

This book:

• Puts the person who stammers at the heart of therapy, following the clinical choices they might make
• Is written in an accessible style, designed to be dipped in and out of as required
• Draws on the experience of therapists working with those who stammer

Full of advice and guidance to support effective practice, this is an essential resource for anybody new to this client group.

APPENDIX 1: FORMAL ASSESSMENTS CURRENTLY IN USE

ACCEPTANCE

1. Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R.D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688.

ANXIETY

1. Anxiety Inventory. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G. & Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.
2. Multicomponent Anxiety Inventory e MCAI–IV. Schalling, D., Chronholm, B., Asberg, M. & Espmark, S. (1973). Ratings of psychic and somatic anxiety indicants: Interrater reliability and relations to personality variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 49, 353–368.
3. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Spielberger, C.D., Gorssuch, R.L., Lushene, P.R., Vagg, P.R. & Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
4. Social phobia and anxiety inventory. Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C. & Dancu, C.V. (1996). SPAI: Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory Manual. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
5. Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Rodebaugh, T.L., Chambless, D.L., Terrill, D.R., Floyd, M. & Uhde, T. (2000). Convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Depression & Anxiety, 11, 10–14.

DEPRESSION

1. Beck Depression Inventory. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. & Garbin, M.G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 1, 77–100.
2. Beck Depression Inventory-II. Beck, A.T. (1996). The Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

LOCUS OF CONTROL

1. Locus of Control Scale. Craig, A., Franklin, J. & Andrews, G. (1984). A scale to measure locus of control of behaviour. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57, 173–180.

READINESS TO CHANGE

1. Readiness to change. McConnaughy, E.A., Prochaska, J.O. & Velicer, W.F. (1983). Stages of change in psychotherapy: Measurement and sample profiles. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 20, 368–375.

SEVERITY RATING

1. SSI-4. Riley, G.D. (2009). Stuttering Severity Instrument for Children and Adults (SSI-4), 4th edition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed, Inc.
2. S24 scale. Andrews, G. & Cutler, J. (1974). S-24 Scale – Stuttering therapy: The relations between changes in symptom level and attitudes. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 39, 312–319.

SPEAKERS’ EXPERIENCE OF STAMMERING

1. Perceptions of Stuttering Inventory. Woolf, G. (1967). The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance and expectancy. British Journal of Disorders Communication, 2, 158–171.
2. Stuttering Self-Rating Profile (WASSP) Wright, L. & Ayre, A. (2000). Stuttering Self-Rating Profile. Bicester, UK: Winslow Press.
3. (OASES) Yaruss, J.S. & Quesal, R.W. (2006). Overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering: Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31, 90–115.
4. Satisfaction with Communication in Everyday Speaking Situations scale. Karimi, H., Onslow, M., Jones, M., O’Brian, S., Packman, A., Menzies, R., Reilly, S., Sommer, M. & Jelcic-Jaksic, S. (2018). The Satisfaction with Communication in Everyday Speaking Situations (SCESS) scale: An overarching outcome measure of treatment effect. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 58, 77–85.

THOUGHTS/COGNITIONS

1. Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Leary, M.R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–375.
2. Social Avoidance and Distress and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scales. Turner, S.M., McCanna, M. & Beidel, D.C. (1987). Validity of the Social Avoidance and Distress and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scales. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 25, 113–115.
3. Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering. St Clare, T., Menzies, R., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Thompson, R. & Block, S. (2009). Unhelpful thoughts and beliefs linked to social anxiety in stuttering: Development of a measure. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 44, 3, 338–351.
4. A Brief Version of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs about Stuttering Scales: The UTBAS-6. Iverach, L., Heard, R., Menzies, R., Lowe, R., O’Brian, S., Packman, A. & Onslow, M. (2016). Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 59, 5, 964–972.

OTHER

1. Stuttering Assessment. Crowe, T.A., Di Lollo, A. & Crowe, B.T. (2000). Crowe’s Protocols: A Comprehensive Guide to Stuttering Assessment. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
2. Psychological Assessment. Groth-Marnat, G. (1990). The Handbook of Psychological Assessment, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

100 NAVIGATIONAL POINTS: DYSFLUENCY

APPENDIX 2: COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING: LEARNING TO MANAGE UNHELPFUL THOUGHTS

Unhelpful thought.

1. What evidence do you have for the thought?
2. What evidence do you have against the thought?
3. What would you tell a friend (to help them) if they had the thought?
4. Think of your calmest, most rational and supportive friend or family member. How would he/she react to the causal thought? What would he/she say?
5. Are you worrying about an outcome you can’t control? Is there any point to this type of worry?
6. What does the thought do for you? How does it make you feel? Is it helpful in any way, or is it just distressing?
7. What good things would you gain if you gave up the thought? How would your life be different if you didn’t believe the thought?
8. If the causal thought were true, what is the worst outcome? Is it as bad as you think?

(Menzies et al. 2009)

STATEMENTS IN THE UNHELPFUL THOUGHTS AND BELIEFS ABOUT STUTTERING (UTBAS) SCALE (ST CLARE ET AL. 2009)

1. People will doubt my ability because I stutter
2. It’s impossible to be really successful in life if you stutter
3. I won’t be able to keep a job if I stutter
4. It’s all my fault – I should be able to control my stutter
5. I’m a weak person because I stutter
6. No one will like me if I stutter
7. I might stutter
8. People focus on every word I say
9. I am incompetent
10. No one could love a stutterer
11. I will stutter
12. Everyone in the room will hear me stutter
13. I’m stupid
14. Other people will think I’m stupid if I stutter
15. I’ll never be successful because of my stutter
16. 16. I won’t be able to answer their questions
17. I’m hopeless
18. I’m of no use in the workplace
19. People will think I’m incompetent because I stutter
20. I’ll block completely and won’t be able to talk
21. Everyone will think I’m an idiot
22. I can’t speak to people in positions of authority
23. People will think I’m strange
24. People will think I can’t speak English
25. No one would want to have a relationship with a stutterer
26. I can’t think clearly because I stutter
27. I can’t speak to aggressive people
28. People will think that I have no opinions
29. People will think I’m boring because I have nothing to say
30. If I block, people will think I’m retarded
31. I can’t face these people
32. People will wonder what’s wrong with me if I stutter
33. What will people think of me if they disagree with what I say?
34. Most people view stutterers as less capable
35. I don’t want to go – people won’t like me
36. My pauses are too long – people will think I’m weird
37. People won’t like me because I won’t be able to talk
38. I can’t convince people of anything I say because I stutter
39. People will think I’m retarded if I stutte...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Section A The person who stammers
• Section B The therapist
• Section C The therapeutic relationship
• Section D Beginning sessions: The narrative, goal setting and assessment
• Section E Therapy: General points
• Section F Therapy: Fluency modification or ‘speak more fluently’ approach
• Section G Therapy: Stammering modification or ‘stammer more easily’ approach
• Section H Therapy: ‘Stammer more proudly’
• Section I Psychological approaches
• Section J Maintaining positive outcomes and planning for the re-emergence of roles and behaviours
• Section K Support networks
• Final thoughts
• Appendix 1: Formal assessments currently in use
• Appendix 2: Cognitive restructuring: learning to manage unhelpful thoughts
• Index