Advances in Energy Storage

Latest Developments from R&D to the Market

Andreas Hauer

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN:
  9781119239352
• eBook ISBN:
  9781119760108
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

ADVANCES IN ENERGY STORAGE

An accessible reference describing the newest advancements in energy storage technologies

Advances in Energy Storage: Latest Developments from R&D to the Market is a comprehensive exploration of a wide range of energy storage technologies that use the fundamental energy conversion method. The distinguished contributors discuss the foundational principles, common materials, construction, device operation, and system level performance of the technology, as well as real-world applications. The book also includes examinations of the industry standards that apply to energy storage technologies and the commercial status of various kinds of energy storage.

The book has been written by accomplished leaders in the field and address electrochemical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and superconducting magnetic energy storage. They offer insightful treatments of relevant policy instruments and posit likely future advancements that will support and stimulate energy storage.

Advances in Energy Storage also includes:

• A thorough introduction to electrochemical, electrical, and super magnetic energy storage, including foundational electrochemistry concepts used in modern power sources
• A comprehensive exploration of mechanical energy storage and pumped hydro energy storage
• Practical discussions of compressed air energy storage and flywheels, including the geology, history, and development of air energy storage
• In-depth examinations of thermal energy storage, including new material developments for latent and thermochemical heat storage

Perfect for practicing electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, and materials scientists, Advances in Energy Storage: Latest Developments from R&D to the Market is also an indispensable reference for researchers and graduate students in these fields.

1
Energy Storage Solutions for Future Energy Systems

Andreas Hauer

ZAE Bayern, Germany

1.1 The Role of Energy Storage

Wherever energy is available but not immediately used, energy storage can be utilized. Energy storage technologies help to absorb energy and release it at a later time (or in a different place) when it is needed. Hence, energy storage makes surplus energy usable, and is, therefore, equivalent to energy sources like fossil fuels and their market competition. Conventional energy resources – crude oil, natural gas, and coal, for example – share many energy storage qualities while not being renewable. They allow for a wide variety of storage methods at high energy densities, for example 40 GJ/m³ for crude oil and coal. Considering these facts, energy storage technologies need to have either similar technical characteristics or different advantages of an economic or ecologic nature.

Electric mobility – may it be cars, public transportation or any other kind of vehicle – is a prime example of direct competition between a storage system and fossil fuels. The storage, i.e. the battery, is supposed to take in energy from, for ecological reasons, renewable sources and deliver it whenever the consumer deems fit. At the same time, the storage needs to make the consumer physically independent of these energy sources. Besides a purely economic comparison of vehicles fitted with combustion and electric engines, environmental issues like air quality might cause a crucial bias toward energy storage.

The cost of storage usually adds to the total energy cost. The cost for stored energy must not be significantly higher than the cost of energy supplied directly to the consumer. Prices, however, fluctuate with actual demand. Storage is economically most attractive when energy can be obtained at low cost and provided at a higher price during a peak in demand.

With an increasing share of renewable energy, future energy systems will also have an increased need for balancing supply and demand. Fluctuating renewable energy sources combined with energy storage systems are able to provide demand adapted energy. This application will become the most relevant.

1.2 The Definition of Energy Storage

In many cases it is not necessary to define the topic of a paper, since it is quite obvious to everyone what is actually discussed. In the case of energy storage this is not valid. Energy storage compared to other components within an energy system, whether it be on the production or the consumer side, is rather complex. It is connected to an energy source and to an energy consumer at the same time. The condition for charging might differ from the conditions for discharging. Even the energy form – electrical, mechanical, chemical, or thermal – might change within the storage process.

Therefore three definitions are given here: One of the energy storage process itself, one of the energy form stored, and one concerning the relation between the energy storage system and the application [1].

1.2.1 What is an Energy Storage?

An energy storage system can absorb energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: Charging storage, and discharging, as shown in Figure 1.1. After discharging, storage can be recharged.

Figure 1.1 The three steps of a storage process – charging, storage, and discharging.

This definition of energy storage excludes fossil fuel storage. For fossil fuel storage only the storage and the discharging step is taken into account. The charging, which takes millions of years is neglected! And it puts a focus on the possibilities of energy storage systems that can be charged again and again.

Also of importance is the distinction between the three stages since each of them is afflicted with losses and can be optimized independently. Minimizing these losses leads to high overall storage efficiency.

1.2.2 What is Actually Stored?

The form of energy (electrical, thermal, mechanical, chemical) that is taken up by an energy storage system is usually the same as the one that is delivered.

However, in many cases the charged type of energy has to be transformed for storage (e.g. pumped hydrostorage or batteries). It is re-transformed for the discharging. In some energy storage systems the transformed energy type is delivered (e.g. Power-to-Gas or Power-to-Heat).

This working definition explains how energy storage components store a certain form of energy. In many cases the storage process consists of several energy transformations. A pumped hydroplant for example converts electricity into potential mechanical energy by pumping water to a higher elevation. The energy will be converted into kinetic energy of flowing water and finally back into electricity by a turbine. Looking at this storage as a black box, electrical energy is charged to the system and later electrical energy is d...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• 1 Energy Storage Solutions for Future Energy Systems
• Part I Electrochemical, Electrical, and Super Magnetic Energy Storages
• Part II Mechanical Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
• Part III Mechanical Energy Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage, and Flywheels
• Part IV Chemical Energy Storage
• Part V Thermal Energy Storage
• Part VI Energy Storage Concepts, Regulations, and Markets
• Index
• End User License Agreement