Many problems we have in our world today are based on a narrow vision about life that attends to the short term, the self only, or for our family or community only. People are driven by selfish desires and take power and wealth as indicators of our lifeās worth. The intellect and mind are given priority above all other ways of knowing cutting us off from our origins and the richness of our humanity. We see people, nature, and the cosmos as separate. Nature is seen as a resource, where possession of a large quantity of material things is perceived to give us power and value. Virtues are taken as moral options, wherein as long as we do not violate laws we can do what we want to benefit ourselves. The consequences of this perspective are all around us. Degradation of the environment, interpersonal and global conflicts, excessive levels of stress and over medication, and unhappiness despite wealth accumulation are strikingly prevalent around the world.
The world we live in calls for a new ontology, axiology, and epistemology that works to maintain the order and functioning of the universe and human society. Virtues in Daoism are not simply moral rhetoric, but are vital for understanding the mechanism sustaining the cosmos; they are vital for the individualsā cultivation of good health, longevity, personal success, and achievement of immortality. At the collective level, virtues enable the structuring of a society working for the common good through which everyone gives up something and also gains something.
Individually, Daoist cultivation of qi and virtues is deemed as technology for knowing the self and the universe. Qi is the energy and spirit that permeates all existence and interconnect all existence; virtue is the mechanism for qi in everything and in every being to resonate and collaborate with each other. There are subtle energy networks on earth and in the cosmos that sustain each other, including the constellations, the stars, and the life system on earth. Because qi is subtle and invisible to the naked eyes, it takes opening our inner vision and elevating the capacities of our bodyās sensory system; and this requires reducing the distractions in our life and turning inward to experience this subtle and yet powerful information/energy in all existence. Therefore, while everything is moving and vibrating, achieving a deep level of tranquillity is essential. Daoism holds that through cultivating tranquillity we become returned to our root, Dao, which is the primordial energy among all existence. Tranquillity is obtained not just in tuning or shutting down the sensors and sitting quietly; most importantly it is to contain our desires and to expand our resonance with other existence by doing good and virtuous deeds. In Daoism, virtues are methods which harmonize, regulate, attract, or dispense qi. Qi flows to those who nurture life and serve others, who are humble and soft, as Laozi posits in Dao De Jing. Virtuous deeds accumulate qi and those who want to have good health and attain immortality must have accumulated a lot of virtues hence a vast amount of qi. Qi can be built up in the body for good health, career success, and longevity, and be refined to give birth to the āinner childā, or spiritual child, who is oneās Immortal Self.
The pathway to Dao is an intensive process of meditation and aligning oneās body, heart, mind, and spirit with virtues. The Daoist cultivation gives practitioners direct experience knowing qi and how it works in the cosmos as well as in oneās daily life. This has a great implication for our world today. We want the best for ourselves and our families; we want good health and career success; if possible, we would give everything to achieve immortality. We also want the ecological system to be healthy and sustainable, and the world to have peace, but we are reluctant to let go of old habits and change ourselves. A deep understanding of the relationship between qi and virtues in Daoist cultivation urges us to take doing virtuous deeds as following the natural laws of the universe, and the mutual cultivation of qi and virtues as technologies which we can practice and master to achieve our goals.
The Daoist philosophy and practice may provide solutions to our worldās dire problems. Instead of engaging in fierce competition for the limited resources on earth, we can enhance our heartās capacity for loving and caring for others as our qi can connect with and impact other beings in multiple levels, physically, emotionally, morally, and spiritually. Daoists have committed themselves to the exploration of the deep secrets of life and the cosmos for thousands of years. They take the human body as an experimental site, and refine and optimize its function through infusing it with vital life energy qi, and they have found virtues to be technologies for harnessing qi and transforming qi; in the simultaneous cultivation of qi and virtues, sages were born (Lin, 2018).
Daoism aims to achieve what is considered impossible, that is, immortality. Before achieving immortality, Daoists go through intensive efforts to: strengthen their body; adjust their heart and mind; calm their emotions; elevate their vision, and engage in the life-long process of ādoing goodā. These are all techniques to cultivate longevity and immortality. This process enables Daoists to build strong connections with all beings and existence so that in giving and serving, without thinking about the return for their actions, they receive the support of the powerful primordial energy qi. In other words, they become connected to Dao, which is the inexhaustible energy, the unfathomable spirit, and the all-pervasive consciousness behind everything and binding everything in the whole universe.
Qi is invisible to the flesh eyes, but can be experienced, through reactions in oneās body, and through deep knowing emerging from within when one is in touch with Dao. Qi moreover can be refined to be extremely powerful and used to affect changes in the world and nature positively (Lin, Culham, & Oxford, 2016; Lin, 2018, 2019). In our education and daily life, cultivation of qi can enhance the learnersā physical, moral, emotional, and spiritual development. It can develop an ecological consciousness that links all existence to enter a state of interbeing.
In this book, we explore the relationship between qi and virtues and examine Daoist ways to arrive at deep knowing about life and the universe. We hope this book leads to:
- An ecological and cosmic consciousness that sees connection and interdependence as vital for our survival and for the harmony of an intelligent and moral universe ;
- A new understanding of virtues as a natural mechanism and hence we frame new organizational ethos of our world;
- A world view connecting ādoing goodā with our wellness in body, mind, h...