In 2009, when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that the 2016 summer Olympic Games were to be organized in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, the sporting world received the news with excitement and at the same time were concerned about security, health issues , and being overextended from hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup (Macur, 2009; McBride, 2016). Although sport mega-events (SMEs) like the summer Olympics traditionally take place in developed countries , over the past decade the IOC has started to award these events to countries outside of the Global North . The rationale for moving these events outside of the traditional rim of developed nations is not only to advocate for participatory, democratic, and inclusive ideas, but also for very practical reasons.
The awarding of the Olympic Games to emerging economies located in the Global South has occurred because over the last two decades many of the so-called developing nations have significantly changed their economic and political status (Grix, 2013; Nayyar, 2016). Countries not considered to be traditional bidders for the Olympic Games are now considering a bid due to the enhanced status given to host cities , as was the case of the city of Budapest who in 2015 announced intentions to bid for the 2024 Olympic Summer Games (Associated Press, 2015). Grix (2013) notes that SMEs like the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup are increasingly going to new lands, such that there is a shift from developed democratic states to emerging democratic and non-democratic states. Between the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2022 Qatar FIFA World Cup, at least eight major sport events will have taken place in âemerging states â (p. 16). In contrast, politicians from cities and nations considered more regular bidders have begun to question the benefits of SMEs , and enthusiasm for hosting has waned due to the large costs involved. That was the case in 2016 when Romeâs mayor Virginia Raggi opposed the cityâs bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics citing their lack of sustainability and large costs and debt (New York Times, 2016).
Despite the interest emerging economies have shown in recent decades to bid and host first-order SMEs , a select group of developed countries continue to host them because of their high costs. As a result, many countries today bid and host SMEs but focus more on a regional appeal as opposed to those events that cater to global audiences (Black, 2014).
Sport mega-events hosted in emerging economies, particularly second- and third-order events, occur much more frequently than reported. These are the type of events that while retaining a number of the defining features of first-order events (Grix, 2013) are still small in terms of number of participants, and their level of media reach is limited to specific geographical areas where these games are organized (Black, 2008; Cornelissen, 2004). Such is the case of the South American Games , which, while being in existence for almost four decades, have grown from being a small multisport festival involving a few hundred athletes to a complex venture that closely resembles the characteristics of a first-order SME .
Because of the importance SMEs receive in the scholarly literature, and the ubiquitous impact these events have on the countries that host them, it is critical that scholars pay attention to and examine the dynamics of SMEs in emerging economies and particular events of second- and third-order category. Although the interest of studying SMEs in emerging economies has grown significantly since the Beijing Olympics in 2008, the vast majority of these studies has focused on first-order events hosted in BRICS countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Considering that not all emerging economies are alike, nor all SMEs similar, scholars who examine business strategy in less-developed countries remind us that âemerging market economies are not homogeneous, even within the same geographic region. Latin America , East Asia , Africa /Middle East , and Central and Eastern Europe, taken as four groups, have manifestly different starting points, but even within these regions, countries differ markedlyâ (Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wright, 2000, p. 259). Therefore, it is important for scholars to focus on these differences and to be aware of the uniqueness and peculiarities second- and third-order SMEs may offer, particularly when hosted outside of the BRICS economies.
Chile and the South American Games of Santiago 2014 offer an interesting case to examine and explore the defining attributes that characterize an event of sizeable magnitude in a country with little history of hosting SMEs. This case aims to shed light and expand our understanding of not only the way a third-order SME like the South American Games occur but also under what circumstances they occur. It also contributes to advance our knowledge as to what extent previous findings and conceptualizations made on impact , legacies, justifications, challenges, and problems, identified in first-order SMEs hosted in developed nations, inform similar outcomes when compared to second- or third-order SMEs organized in emerging economies. Similarly, case studies like the South American Games might also help to provide a better understanding if some of the challenges faced by first-order SMEs on BRICS economies translate or equate to other second- and third-order SMEs in smaller emerging economies. One of the key issues here is that future studies of SMEs in emerging economies must move away from the notion that âone-size fits allâ. SMEs are extremely complex enterprises that require scrutiny and judicious analysis of their findings prior to treating the findings as rules that will unavoidably replicate other SMEs of different sizes that take place in dissimilar economic, cultural, and institutional realities.
This monograph is intended to help the reader understand the challenges that event organizers from emerging economies face when hosting or aspiring to host large sporting events. While the specific literature on SMEs is vast and rich, little has been written about the idiosyncratic nature of hosting large international multisport sport events in emerging economies, particularly those outside the BRICS countries . Academic efforts to understand how smaller emerging economies face the challenges of organizing second- and third-order SMEs have been scarce at best. This monograph focuses on describing how less visible yet large sport events like the South American Games are planned and take place in an emerging economy like Chile.
In this monograph, we examined the case of Chile and explored some plausible reasons for Chileâs transformation from being a country that historically rescinded SMEs to becoming an aspiring host for these events. Specifically, we examined the historical context and macro-environmental factors that may have contributed to explaining the adoption of SMEs by Chilean authorities and âbooster coalitions â (Black, 2008, p. 470). We ...
