Global Business Transcendence

International Perspectives Across Developed and Emerging Economies

A. Arora, J. McIntyre, A. Arora, J. McIntyre

• Publisher: Palgrave Pivot
• Year: 2014
• Print ISBN:
  9781137412584
• eBook ISBN:
  9781137412591
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Business Strategy
• Index: Social Sciences

Global Business Transcendence focuses on both empirical studies with practical application and examinations of theoretical and methodological developments in the field of business studies. By drawing on important research and case study material from contributors all over the world, this collection offers genuinely international perspectives on the key issues and concerns preoccupying policy and decision makers, bringing together chapters that examine international business strategies across emerged and emerging economies. The collection argues that country's borders are becoming less important from a trade perspective. We are thus quickly approaching a single global economy.

1

Domestic Violence in College Students: The Effects of Male Dominance and Substance Abuse

Vida Marshall and Suman Niranjan

Abstract: This chapter explores domestic violence in college students. It also examines the paradigm of male dominance and substance abuse. Using structural equation modeling, we found that substance abuse influenced domestic violence. The results also showed that male dominance predicted domestic violence. To test the differences between males and females, we employed one-way ANOVA and found that there is a difference between males and females with respect to the rate of violence. We will also discuss our limitations, implications, and future research directions.

Keywords: abusive partner; domestic relationship; domestic violence; male dominance; substance abuse

Arora, Anshu Saxena and McIntyre, John R. Global Business Transcendence: International Perspectives across Developed and Emerging Economies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. DOI: 10.1057/9781137412591.0007.

Introduction

Domestic violence is a serious problem for today’s college students. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) defines intimate partner violence (IPV) as actual or threatened physical, sexual violence, or psychological abuse committed between members of the opposite sex who live together in the same household or who have lived together in the past, and even those who are in or formerly were in a dating relationship. Domestic violence occurs in all countries and goes beyond economic, social, cultural, and religious groups. Research shows that between 20% and 50% of college students experience physical abuse in some form (Baker & Stith, 2008; Straus, 2008). According to the National Coalition against Domestic Violence (2012) 32% of college students are victims of domestic violence from their previous partners and 21% from their current partners.

Baker and Stith (2008) found that the greatest predicators of domestic violence in college students are witnessing parental violence, childhood abuse, problems with alcohol, length of dating relationship, relationship satisfaction, inability to control anger, and partners’ use of physical and psychological aggression. Domestic violence has affected the health and well-being of millions of students throughout the world (The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Domestic violence is associated with posttraumatic stress, dissociation anxiety, depression, and eating disorders (Campbell et al., 2002).

The present study will examine the influence of male dominance and substance abuse on domestic violence in college students. We believe that male dominance in a relationship will increase the chances that domestic violence will occur. We also believe that alcohol abuse will predict an abusive partner in a domestic relationship. We will also discuss our limitations, implications, and future research directions.

Literature review and hypothesis

We believe that male dominance influences domestic violence. Male dominance refers to a man’s use of power to control his partner in decision making (Frieze & McHugh, 1992). The resource theory and the patriarchal theory are often used to explain the subornation of woman in abusive relationships. Patriarchal theory suggests that men use physical force when they feel threatened by a loss of control over a “disobedient” or “independent” spouse (Sugihara & Warner, 2002). Sugihara and Warner (2002) found that power and possessiveness are associated with all types of violent or aggressive behavior in males. However, power was only associated with physical assault among women. Possessiveness was associated with psychological aggression and physical assault. The depreciation of how one partner viewed the other was high among men and women who inflicted injury on their partners. In a similar study, Smith (1990) advanced that male violence is associated with issues of power and dominance. These men believe that men have more privilege and power than women and have a philosophy that makes this arrangement legitimate. Smith (1990) found that non-Hispanic White husbands who believed men were superior to women were more likely to assault their wives. In addition, men with low educational attainment, low incomes, and low-status jobs are more likely than husbands of higher status to embrace this ideology.

Chung, Tucker, and Takeuchi (2008) have their theory on husband-to-wife authority. They found that the more power wives had in the decision making or household economics the greater the risk of partner violence. The study included samples of 8,000 men and 8,000 women. In cases where the wives had more power, the husbands would attempt to regain control through violence. Those couples who made an effort to upload old-fashioned engagements of gender roles reduced the risk of male–female partner violence even if there were changes in their economic roles.

Rahman, Hoque, and Makinoda (2011) explored how women empowerment among samples in Bangladesh affects IPV. The sample included currently married women (n = 4,181) from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (Rahman, Hoque, & Makinoda, 2011). In the past year when the study was conducted, about 24% of the sample experienced both physical and/or sexual IPV. Household decision making and current employment status showed a likelihood of partner violence. The study showed that promoting women empowerment in the household without the male partner’s support may put women at a higher risk of IPV. Therefore, the following hypotheses will be tested:

H1: Domestic violence is directly related to male dominance by the male partner in a relationship.

H2: There will be a positive relationship between Grade Point Average (GPA as an indicator of academic performance) and male dominance.

Domestic violence can occur without alcohol or substance abuse, but when alcohol is in use, cases of domestic violence are more likely to occur. Hoffman, Demo, and Edwards (1994) studied husbands living in Bangkok, and found that all types of domestic violence are positively associated with men who frequently use alcohol. This study also sheds light on the notion that alcohol abuse, like stress, may not have a significant effect on wife abuse when the quality of the marital and family relations are controlled. This confirms the belief that frequent use of alcohol does increase the chances that domestic violence will occur in a relationship.

Williams and Smith (1994) conducted a study to determine if higher levels of dating violence would occur among those who drank moderate amounts of alcohol and who also had an expectation that drinking would have a negative effect on their behavior. A total of 221 subjects were included in this study and 40% (n = 64) of the cases included drinking by one or both of the partners when a violent episode occurred. The study also found that lower use of alcohol along with a higher expectation of negative effects of alcohol showed higher dating violence occurrences. The hypothesis that higher level of dating violence would occur in these situations was not supported.

Kachadourian et al. (2012) conducted a study of intimate partner psychological aggression using a sample of 178 men seeking treatment for alcoholism and their study showed that psychological aggression was mostly associated with these groups. Verbal aggression increased as the frequency of drinking increased among the alcoholics in the sample. The belief that alcohol consumption caused relationship problems along with other variables showed the strongest levels of psychological aggression. These men believed that relationship problems cause drinking and drinking causes relationship problems. Therefore, the following hypothesis will be tested:

H3: Domestic violence is positively related to frequent alcohol use.

Campos et al. (2011) studied the relationship between alcohol use and domestic violence and found that individuals addicted to alcohol are two times more likely to use psychological and physical violence. In addition, domestic violence was also related to alcohol usage and other stressors in the home. Alcohol use could not be considered to be the only factor, because violence many times began before drinking and escalated to aggression with alcohol in cases of physical violence. The study also showed that during acts of violence committed by an intimate partner, men are four times more likely than women to have been drinking during an incident. According to Straus (2008), dominance by either partner in a relationship is associated with an increased probability of violence. Straus found that one-third of both male and female participants of the study had a bidirectional pattern of violence followed by violence by the female partner only. The least frequent pattern was violence by the male partner according to both genders included from a sample of 13,601 university students in 32 nations. Thus, this study contradicts the assumption that partner violence is a crime primarily committed by males and that women are only violent when resorting to self-defense. With such a high rate of women involved as the perpetrator, partner violence can be strongly related to dominance by any partner in the relationship.

H4: Gender difference will occur between alcohol abuse scores.

H5: Gender difference will occur between male dominance scores.

Many studies on domestic violence have focused on married couples (Chung, Tucker, & Tackeuchi, 2008; Coleman & Straus, 1986; Kyu & Kanai, 2005) and only a few tend to focus on couples that are not married (Baker & Stith, 2008; Lehrer, Lehrer, & Zhao, 2010; Straus 2008; White & Koss, 1991). According to Baker and Stith (2008), about 31% of males and 41% of females reported being physically violent toward their partner. Domestic violence affects not only married couples but also many college students. Stith and Baker (2008) believe that the biggest predictor of whether males or females use violence against a partner was whether or not the partner was violent toward them. Domestic violence can be physical or psychological and involves hitting, kicking, punching, shoving, slapping, or throwing objects (Baker & Stith 2008). Domestic violence has been correlated to women witnessing parental violence, lacking strong social support, holding feminism sex role attitudes, and who have been fooled in marriage without truly knowing their partners (Kyu & Kanai, 2005).

Another study investigated dating violence in African-American students and reported that socioeconomic status, mother’s and father’s income, and demographic factors were associated with an increased likelihood of physical assault perpetration in dating relationships (Bougere, Rowley, & Lee, 2004). The sample from this study included college students from three historically black universities and one historically white university from the southern United States from social work classes. The study focused on the 228 students who identified themselves as African-American. Even though the race of these students was targeted during the study, the results showed that race is not a predictor relating to dating violence. The findings were similar to results from Euro-American samples when experiencing different types of dating violence. Sigeman, Berry, and Wiles (1984) found that 50% of both men and women had committed at least one physically violent act, where men more often than women were reported as being the victim. One the other hand, a study by Stets and Pirog-Good (1987) found that women were more likely than men to be the victims of dating violence. These two studies although they are contradictory may be explained because males do not always re...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• 1  Domestic Violence in College Students: The Effects of Male Dominance and Substance Abuse
• 2  Role of Institutions in Economic Transition: Case of Russia
• 3  Organizations and Markets: Entrepreneurship and Capital Delivery Mechanisms in Developing Countries
• 4  China and India Transforming the Global Auto Industry
• 5  Association between Sourcing Issues and Logistics Performance Variables in Apparel Exports: An Empirical Analysis of Sourcing Intermediaries
• 6  Comparative Study of Indian and German Food Supply Chain: A Case Study of Tomato Supply Chain
• 7  Employability Skills for Engineering Graduates in Software Products and Services Companies: An Empirical Analysis
• Index