The Nation and the Promise of Friendship

Building Solidarity through Sociability

Danny Kaplan

• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9783319784014
• eBook ISBN: 9783319784021
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Politics
• Index: Social Sciences

When strangers meet in social clubs, watch reality television, or interact on Facebook, they contribute to the social glue of mass society—not because they promote civic engagement or democracy, but because they enact the sacred promise of friendship. Where most theories of nationalism focus on issues of collective identity formation, Kaplan's novel framework turns attention to compatriots' experience of solidarity and how it builds on interpersonal ties and performances of public intimacy. Combining critical analyses of contemporary theories of nationalism, civil society, and politics of friendship with in-depth empirical case studies of social club sociability, Kaplan ultimately shows that strangers-turned-friends acquire symbolic, male-centered meaning and generate feelings of national solidarity.

© The Author(s) 2018

Danny KaplanThe Nation and the Promise of FriendshipCultural Sociologyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78402-1_1

Begin Abstract

1. Introduction

Danny Kaplan¹

(1)

Department of Sociology and Anthropology and Gender Studies Program, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Danny Kaplan

Email: [email protected]

End Abstract

What is national solidarity and how do compatriots bond with one another? The first question is relatively straightforward: Although the definitions are multiple, national solidarity is generally understood as a form of attachment between compatriots that is considered beneficial for mutual cooperation and for legitimizing state power. ¹ The second question, however, is far more elusive; in fact, it is rarely even considered in the social science literature. At its core is a basic phenomenological paradox: How do compatriots imagine the nation as a close-knit community of friends even as they know that it is, in reality, an abstract collectivity of strangers? ²

Focusing on this latter question—on the “how” rather than the “what”—this book claims that at the heart of the national imagination lies a pervasive belief in the magic of transforming strangers into friends; an overarching meta-narrative that brings together the institutional logic of the state—that which prescribes cooperation between anonymous citizens—and the mythic logic of the nation—that which considers interaction between citizens as a modern incarnation of tribal fraternal ties. The result is a deep cultural structure of “strangers-turned-friends” (and ultimately friends-turned-siblings) that gives meaning to institutional social life and places it within the contours of the national state.

This symbolic structure can be unveiled by studying from bottom-up social interactions in modern institutions where participants become increasingly competent in turning particular strangers into friends. People in modern societies live the greater part of their lives in a range of institutions which, regardless of their instrumental purpose, engender informal social ties. When strangers interact in clubs and cafés, sing in choirs, listen simultaneously to a live radio broadcast, participate as an active audience in a reality television show, or make friends through social media, they engage in mundane performances of sociability. When acts of sociability are staged in public, certain interactions distinguish themselves as intimate by excluding, teasing, and alienating others. At the same time, such public gestures of intimacy may tempt others to join in. Having participated in similar social clubs in the course of their lives and sharing partly overlapping social networks, compatriots acquire a sense of competence in making friends and gain reassurance in the ability of like-minded “clubbers”—but not others—to do the same.

The growing segmentation and differentiation of institutional life place increasing demands on individuals to negotiate sociability among strangers. Far beyond state-run institutions such as the military and public schools which are noted for their reinforcement of social cohesion, many, if not most, of our modern-day institutions operate as a social club of sorts in which a select group of strangers are expected to cooperate and—whether intentionally or inadvertently—become friends in the process. Since the industrial era, these institutionally mediated interactions have contributed to the social glue of modern mass society, not because they promote civic engagement or democracy, but because they encode and enact the promise of sacred friendship.

The expectation of turning strangers into friends is by no means limited to national settings. But with much of institutional and public life circumscribed (even when not directly controlled) by nation-states, these accumulated acts of friendship are likely to correspond to national boundaries and ultimately acquire national meanings through symbolic cultural processes. Thus, although sociologists have warned against the conflation of society with the nation-state known as the bias of methodological nationalism (Smith 1983; Wimmer and Schiller 2002), historically it is precisely this juxtaposition of modern social institutions and a global order of nation-states that renders the experience of sociability central to people’s sense of national attachment.

In this book, I present an empirical, interaction-centered research program for studying national solidarity through the lens of “social club sociability.” Sociability in social clubs consists of interactions between participants and spectators-turned-participants that span three levels of analysis: the interpersonal ties between individual members of the institution, the public staging of these ties in front of other members or non-members, and the collective ties between members of the organization as a whole. This translates into a particular research strategy for studying sociability both in everyday life and in public events through the interactionist mechanisms of “public intimacy” and emergent feelings of “collective intimacy.” Public intimacy refers to the ways in which members stage intimate ties in public in order to establish their exclusivity and, at the same time, tease selected spectators (but not others) to become confidants and, subsequently, participants in this relationship. Hence, by employing a complex interplay between exclusion and inclusion and between secrecy and disclosure, public intimacy operates as a bonding mechanism by way of seduction.

This interactionist mechanism operating in mundane institutional life can be examined against the backdrop of Durkheimian approaches to sacred ritualized events, understood as highly orchestrated collective action that departs from everyday life, and deemed central to the affirmation of collective identity (Mast 2006). Viewed as “social performance,” such ritualized events can achieve “fusion” and reinforce solidarity when audiences identify with performers and background cultural scripts achieve verisimilitude (Alexander 2004, 527). While previous works have explored how such ritualized public events, as well as media events, arouse collective emotions mainly by orchestrating instances of focused attention (e.g., Collins 2004a; Dayan and Katz 1992), we lack a systematic analysis of the interpersonal interactions taking place between the social actors in the performance (both performers and audiences), and how they assign preexisting cultural codes to these interactions. Thus, I suggest that the simultaneous feelings of collective intimacy that arise in public events build on accumulated experiences of public intimacy and enact an alchemic transformation of all qualified members of the community from strangers into friends. The “strong program” in cultural sociology (Alexander and Smith 2001, 137) underscores how collective action is structured by a relatively autonomous cultural realm operating through underlying symbolic binary codes and narratives. Accordingly, I call attention to the meta-narrative of strangers-turned-friends as a key cultural structure that gives collective-national meaning to feelings of solidarity.

In previous work (Kaplan 2006, 2007; Kaplan and Yanay 2006), I explored some of the conceptual, phenomenological, and cultural associations between the nation and the promise of friendship through the lens of gender, hegemonic masculinity, and male homosocial desire. Bearing in mind the masculinist underpinnings of national movements, ideology, and solidarity (Mosse 1996; Nagel 1998; Pateman 1989), I studied fraternal friendship as a key cultural trope for national attachment. In this work, I opted to tone down this emphasis on gender-based analysis in order to introduce other hitherto unexplored issues in the study of national solidarity.

To conclude, this research program offers a specific understanding of national solidarity as both a bottom-up process of socialization in the form of social club sociability and a top-down process of cultural interpretation that gives meaning to social life. This understanding comprises a three-layered model of national solidarity that includes the following elements.

1. a.
   Institutional setting. Nationally bounded modern institutions, from state organizations and civic associations to social media practices, operate as social clubs where unaffiliated individuals negotiate modes of cooperation through informal interactions of sociability and transform in the process into acquaintances and potential friends. Each social institution structures its own patterns and codes of sociability and presents a different manifestation of a symbolic meta-narrative of strangers-turned-friends associated with national solidarity.
2. b.
   Public and collective intimacy. The interpersonal ties that form between members of any given institution are inevitably managed, disclosed, and staged in front of a third party. This semi-public performance of intimacy is a dramaturgical mechanism that provides insiders with a sense of exclusivity and can, by the same token, also tease outsiders and tempt them to get involved. In this way, triads of public intimacy operate as rites of belonging: They can potentially turn spectators into participants and form the cornerstone for larger collectivities, resulting in feelings of “collective intimacy.” This emergent solidarity corresponds to Emile Durkheim’s ([1915] 2003, 110) conception of collective “effervescence” and, more broadly, to the sense of “re-fusion” (Alexander 2004, 529) that is ideally accomplished in ritualized events. However, collective intimacy directs attention to the ways in which the ritualized performance reaffirms the existence of the community not only as a tangible body of individuals but also as a tangible network of confidants and accomplices who share mutual patterns of sociability learned through past experiences with public intimacy.
3. c.
   Meta-narrative of strangers-turned-friends . Individual experiences of sociability and friendship acquire cultural meaning through a meta-narrative that links them to a national discourse of solidarity, according to which citizens not only cooperate for common interests but also share their passions and destiny. This meta-narrative operates through a set of binary codes that transform mundane interactions between individual strangers in institutional life into sacred ties of friendship in collective life and, in turn, casts the friend as a rediscovered primordial brother.

This three-layered account of national solidarity as a performance of sociability and cultural structure of friendship goes against th...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Front Matter
• 1. Introduction
• Part I. The Theoretical Framework
• Part II. The Case Studies
• Part III. Concluding Thoughts
• Back Matter