Part I âEnvironmental Risk Managementâ contains the contributions presented in the same name round table, which aimed at analysing the management of the environmental risks under different perspectives and the scientific, managerial and physical tools able to cope with them.
The evaluation and management of environmental risks and their economic impacts ask for the cooperation of multicultural research groups, which work together to share and integrate methodologies. In this view, Part I contains six chapters related to different economic fields and case histories that have allowed enriching the round table debate.
The Authors take into consideration the managerial perspective in assessing and managing risks, the financial and non-financial disclosed of risks and the role that new technologies or new processes may play in monitoring operational situations and detecting data in order to identify trends and the existence of potential risks.
Chapter 1, by Cantino et al., analyses an important economic sector, the Italian bus transportation, in achieving a business sustainability, testing the relative efficiency relying on accounting, technical, environmental and governance variables for the risk of the sector on the year 2010.
In Chapter 2, Ivanova and Kotcheva present a case study of household waste management process in a specific case history, the municipality of Ruse in Bulgaria, in involving the private companied in the detect and transportation of urban garbage, through direct individual interviews among 103 companies holding waste permits.
Chapter 3, by Varese and Ronco, intends to analyse some tools introduced in the EU customs strategy for improving import and export activities at EU level and, at the mean time, focusing on some mechanisms and tools adopted by quasi-public entities entrusted with the responsibility to carry out importâexport formalities in extra-EU countries.
De Bernardi et al., furthermore, explore how and to what extent the biggest Italian nonfinancial companies of the FTSE-MIB disclose on climate change risk, analysing 25 Italian listed companies for 2017, pointing out that even if there has been an increase in climate-related risk disclosure, the items are still underdeveloped.
Lucchetti et al., moreover, present a framework for the identification of the hotspot in business activities, based on qualitative analysis of different kind of sources as literature review and case studies.
Finally, the last contribution, by Cisi et al., encompasses a systematic literature review on environmental risk management (ERM) seen through the lenses of the different theories of management, in order to elucidate their intersections and differences, alongside creating a study to aid the widespread of knowledge.
The result of the contributions shows that the facets of the concept of environmental risk require different methodological approaches, but that it is essential to deal with the issues in a systemic way to find effective and robust solutions.
Riccardo Beltramo
Stefano Duglio
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© The Author(s) 2019
Paola De Vincentiis, Francesca Culasso and Stefano A. Cerrato (eds.)The Future of Risk Management, Volume Ihttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14548-4_11. The Italian Bus Transportation Sector: The Management of Environmental Risks as a Factor for Achieving a Business Sustainability
Simona Alfiero1 , Valter Cantino1 , Gianluca Capecci1 and Alfredo Esposito1
(1)Department of Management, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
Keywords
Risk managementEfficiencyData envelopment analysisEnvironmental effectsPerformanceEnd Abstract1.1 Introduction
The topic of public transport is of significance because of its being directly linked to the quality of life of citizens, in terms of fast transfers and reducing of CO2 emission. The quality of local public transport is significantly reflected in the countryâs competitiveness as inadequate urban and peri-urban mobility imposes additional costs on citizens. The European Parliament has also expressed great attention to the issue of public transport in urban areas, underlining the need to give more emphasis to this aspect and proposing to add another objective to the 10 already stated in the strategy outlined in the White Paper âRoadmap to a Single European Transport AreaâTowards a competitive and resource efficient transport systemâ [COM (2011) 144 final]1 and consisting in doubling use of public transport in urban areas by 2030, also in order to achieve the 60% greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction target by 2050 with respect to 1990. Investing in public transport could lead to significant benefits in terms of economic growth, social cohesion, innovation, employment and sustainable development. The energy consumption, referred to kilometres and passengers, are influenced by size and type of service, urban or suburban, mode and means of transport and characteristics of the vehicles. Anyway, the energy consumption of public transport, being equal number of passengers, is much lower than those of private mobility. A turnover of over 12 billion euros a year, more than 1000 active firms, over 126 thousand employed and 5.2 billion passengers transported each year: this is the local public transport in Italy.
According to data of the European Union (EU transport in figureâstatistical pocketbook 20172), in Italy public transport satisfy about 19% of the mobility needs of citizens on land, that is slightly higher than the European average (18,8%). Compared to the latter, however, in the Italian system the largest percentage is ensured by road transport (buses and coachesâ12.2% in Italy compared with 9.4% as EU average) compared with those on railways (trains, tram and metroâ7.0% in Italy compared with 9.4% as EU average). Furthermore, the buses and coaches used in Italy have a higher average age (11.4 years) than that of the other European countries (for instance, in France, Spain and UK they reach a maximum of eight years, while in Germany the average age is 6.9 years). All above means that in Italy are used means of transport that pollute more (buses and coaches compared to railways), also because they are old and are not equipped with the most recent anti-pollution devices.
In this view, carbon footprint measures the level of energy efficiency and it shows how much a firm is working to improve its results. Reducing carbon emissions, on the one hand, could allow saving moneyâfor instance, reducing the consumption of fossil fuelsâbut, on the other hand, it costs, as when it is necessary to develop new technologies.
In Italy, public transport sector has suffered years of low investments both on vehicles and on roads, due to the prolonged economic crisis and the unfavourable economic situation of recent years. In the past, many local transport companies (as in many European countries) wer...
