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The Fertile Desert: A History of the Middle Euphrates Valley until the Arrival of Alexander

Name: The Fertile Desert: A History of the Middle Euphrates Valley until the Arrival of Alexander
ISBN: 9781803271217

Anas Al Khabour,

346 pages
English
PDF
Available on iOS & Android

eBook - PDF

The Fertile Desert: A History of the Middle Euphrates Valley until the Arrival of Alexander

Anas Al Khabour,

About this book

The Fertile Desert studies a region of the Euphrates Valley between the Balikh and Khabour in Syria that remains little known. Partial reports, isolated interventions, and proposals for a hypothetical reconstruction of the relationship and processes of cultural expansion between Mesopotamia and the Jazira suggest that the Euphrates has always been a major traffic route. But suggestions on a map must be confirmed on the ground. However, when looking at the usual tools for information or the relevant archaeological charts such as the Tübinger Atlas, we face a paradox: except for a few well-known sites, a surprising void reigns over the archaeological landscape. The difficult circumstances since the outbreak of the war in Syria have made the situation still more problematic. Fortunately, various archaeological expeditions have worked intensively in the region. The possibilities have changed, and the time has come for a review of the evidence. This volume thus attempts to reconstruct the history of the Euphrates Valley between the mouths of the Balikh and the Khabour. Several surveys, archaeological expeditions, and interventions of the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, most featuring the author's own participation, have made available a significant number of data, the majority unpublished, which contribute to an improved overview of the region.

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Yes, you can access The Fertile Desert: A History of the Middle Euphrates Valley until the Arrival of Alexander by Anas Al Khabour in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Social Sciences & Archaeology. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Information

Publisher

Archaeopress Archaeology

Year

eBook ISBN

Topic

Subtopic

Index

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents Page
Acknowledgments
Preface
Prólogo y reflexión sobre esta obra
Introduction
Figure 1. Location of Tell Biaa.
Figure 2. The excavations at the palace zone (photo by the author).
Figure 3. Small finds from Tell Biaa (photo by the author: Raqqa Museum).
Figure 4. Location of Tell Zeidan.
Figure 5. Pottery from Tell Zeidan (after Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 6. Stamp from the Late Chalcolithic II (after Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 7. Location of Tell Masri I.
Figure 8. Tell Masri I, seen from the top to the north (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 10. Tell Masri II, seen from the top to the north (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 9. Location of Tell Masri II.
Figure 11. Location of Tell Mazar.
Figure 12. Location of Tell Shennan.
Figure 13. General view of Tell Shanan (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 14. Location of Rabtat Abyad.
Figure 15. General view of Rabtat Abyad (photo by the author).
Figure 16. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 17. Location of Maqbarat al Karama.
Figure 18. General view of Maqbarat al-Karama (photo by the author).
Figure 19. General view of Maqbarat al-Karama (photo by the author).
Figure 20. Location of Maqbarat al Karama.
Figure 21. General view of Maqbara Qadima (photo by the author).
Figure 22. General view of Maqbara Qadima (photo by the author).
Figure 23. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 24. Location of Wadi Qutena.
Figure 25. Location of Jibli.
Figure 26. Location of Jibli 9F.
Figure 27. Location of Jibli 9E.
Figure 28. Location of Jibli 9D.
Figure 29. Tumulus tomb of Jibli 9D, view from the southeast (after Nishiaki 2009).
Figure 30. Location of Eadi Aain.
Figure 31. Tombs of Wadi Aain, view from the east (after Nishiaki 2009).
Figure 32. Location of Tell Hamadin.
Figure 33. Tell Hamadin, general view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 34. Topographic plan of Tell Hamadin, general view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 35. Location of Zor Shammar Foqani.
Figure 36. Location of Wadi Ubaid.
Figure 37. Location of Jabal Tbouq.
Figure 38. Location of cairn fields M-W of Bishri Mountains
Figure 39. Tumulus tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010).
Figure 40. Bromze pin from a tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010).
Figure 41. Pendant and beads from a tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010).
Figure 42. Location of Wadi Kharrar.
Figure 43. Wadi Kharrar, general view (after Nishiaki 2009).
Figure 44. Wadi Kharrar, lithic artifacts (after Nishiaki 2009).
Figure 45. Wadi Kharrar, Middle Paleolithic instruments (after Nishiaki 2009).
Figure 46. Location of Wadi Dabaa.
Figure 47. Cemetery of Wadi Dabaa (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 48. Pottery sherds from Wadi Dabaa (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 49. Location of Abu Hamad.
Figure 50. Cemetery of Abu Hamad (after Meyer 2010).
Figure 51. Pottery sherds from Abu Hamad (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour, 2008).
Figure 52. Location of Wadi Shabout.
Figure 53. Cemetery of Wadi Shabout (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 54. Pottery from Wadi Shabout (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 55. Location of Tell Ghanem al- Ali.
Figure 56. Pottery from Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Al Khabour 2012).
Figure 57. Location of Wadi Jazla.
Figure 58. Cemetery of Wadi Jazla (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 59. Pottery sherds from Wadi Jazla (after Numoto and Kume 2010).
Figure 60. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir (Betha).
Figure 61. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 62. Location of Tell Beilouni.
Figure 63. Tombs around Tell Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010).
Figure 64. Location of Tell Sheikh Mousa.
Figure 65. General view (photo of the author).
Figure 66. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 67. Location of Tell Sweda.
Figure 68. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 69. Location of Tell Maqam.
Figure 70. Pottery from Tell Al- Maqam (after Kohlmeyer 1984: 114).
Figure 71. Location of Tell Saghir.
Figure 72. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 73. Location of Tell Ahmar.
Figure 74. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007).
Figure 75. Location of Tell Humeida.
Figure 76. General view (after Montero 2011)
Figure 77. Pottery from Tell Humeitha (after Montero 2011).
Figure 78. Location of Wadi Abu Shahri.
Figure 79. Location of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq.
Figure 80. General view of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq (after Montero et al. 2010).
Figure 81. Repertoire of Middle Assyrian pottery (after Montero et al. 2010).
Figure 82. Cuneiform tablets from Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq (after Montero et al. 2010).
Figure 83. Location of Tell Qsubi.
Figure 84. General view of Tell Qsubi (photo by the author).
Figure 85. General view of Tell Qsubi (photo by the author).
Figure 86. Location of Qsubi tomb.
Figure 87. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.1
Figure 88. Qleb al Hemma 13.1.
Figure 89. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.3.
Figure 90. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.3.
Figure 91. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.4.
Figure 92. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.5.
Figure 93. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.6.
Figure 94. Qleb al Hemma 13.6.
Figure 95. Qleb al Hemma 13.7.
Figure 96. Qleb al Hemma 13.8.
Figure 97. Qleb al Hemma 13.8.
Figure 98. Qleb al Hemma 13.12.
Figure 99. Qleb al Hemma 13.12.
Figure 100. Qleb al Hemma 13.13.
Figure 101. Qleb al Hemma 13.13.
Figure 102. Qleb al Hemma 13.14.
Figure 103. Qleb al Hemma 13.14.
Figure 104. Qleb al Hemma 13.17.
Figure 105. Qleb al Hemma 13.17.
Figure 106. Qleb al Hemma 13.18.
Figure 107. Qleb al Hemma 13.27.
Figure 108. Qleb al Hemma 13.27.
Figure 109. Qleb al Hemma 13.30.
Figure 110. Qleb al Hemma 13.30.
Figure 111. Location of Tell Tebni.
Figure 112. General view of Tell Tebni (photo by the author).
Figure 113. General view (photo by the author).
Figure 114. Location of Tell Abu Makiya.
Figure 115. General view of Tell Abu Makiya (after Sanjuro et al. 2009).
Figure 116. Pottery from Tell Abu Makiya (after Sanjuro et al. 2009).
Figure 117. Location of Tell Abu Fahd.
Figure 118. General view of Tell Abu Fahd (after Montero 2009).
Figure 119. Excavation of the Syrian-Spanish expedition (after Montero 2009).
Figure 120. Location of Nadra.
Figure 121. Artefacts from the Neolithic PPNB (after Lonnqvist 2011: 157).
Figure 122. Location of Tell Tabus.
Figure 123. Artefacts from Tell Tabus (after Lonnqvist 2011).
Figure 124. Location of Tell Khraita.
Figure 125. Investigated zone to the south of Tell Khraita (after Lonnqvist 2011).
Figure 126. Lithic artefacts from Tell Khraita (after Lonnqvist 2011).
Figure 127. Location of Tell Ain Abu-Jemaa.
Figure 128. Location of Tell Ayyash.
Figure 129. Investigated zone of Tell Ayyash (after Lonnqvist 2011).
Figure 130. Artifacts from Tell Ayyash (after Lonnqvist 2011).
Figure 131. Location of Tell as-Sinn.
Figure 132. Flint arrowheads from Tell as-Sin (after Montero and Al-Shbib 2008).
Figure 133. Flint arrowheads from Tell as-Sin (after Montero and Al-Shbib 2008).
Figure 134. Location of Tell et-Tabie II.
Figure 135. Pottery from Tell et-TabiyeII (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 191).
Figure 136. Location of Tell Mohasan I.
Figure 137. Pottery from Tell Mohasan I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 150).
Figure 138. Location of Tell es-Sabha I.
Figure 139. Pottery from Tell es-Sabha I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 212).
Figure 140. Location of Tell es-Salu V.
Figure 141. Pottery from Tell es-Salu V (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 205).
Figure 142. Location of Tell Bueseire I.
Figure 143. Pottery from Tell Buseire I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 186).
Figure 144. Location of Tell Safat ez-Zerr.
Figure 145. Pottery from Safat ez-Zerr (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 156).
Figure 146. Location of Tell Bouqras I.
Figure 147. Small finds from Tell Bouqras I (after Akkermans et al. 1983: 357).
Chapter 3
The occupation of the territory Description of the investigated sites
Figure 148. Location of Tell Biaa.
Figure 149. The church of Tell Biaa (after Krebernik and Stromminger 1988: 137).
Figure 150. General plan of Tell Biaa (after Bösze 2009: 63).
Figure 151. The temple (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 128).
Figure 152. Plan of one of the palaces (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 133).
Figure 153. Plan of the royal tombs of Tuttul (after Bösze 2009: 65).
Figure 154. General view of the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 129).
Figure 155. Precious objects from the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130).
Figure 156. Reconstruction of the Mausoleum (royal tombs) of Tuttul (after Bösze 2009: 71).
Figure 157. Rests of wooden furniture from the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130).
Figure 158. Remains of the fire in Palace B (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130).
Figure 159. Fragments of a bearded from Palace B (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 131).
Figure 160. Fragments of Akkadian seal impression (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132).
Figure 161. Individual grave of the high-ranked society (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132).
Figure 162. Cylinder seal from one of the tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132).
Figure 163. Plan of Palace A (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 133).
Figure 164. Room 5 of Palace A (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 134).
Figure 165. Section of the skeleton pit (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 135).
Figure 166. Map of Ubaid period sites and Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 167. Topographic map showing the three mounds of Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 168. The southern mound of Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 169. Painted pottery from Ubaid period (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 170. Stratigraphic trench in Tell Zeidan, view from the west (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 171. Stratigraphic section of the southern mound (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 172. Pottery from Ubaid period (left.) with decorations from the previous period of Halaf (right.) (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 173. Backed clay “muller” represents a continuation of Ubaid oractices in the Late Chalcolithic I (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 174. Obsidian from Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 175. Blowpipe to melt copper (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 176. Stamp from the Late Chalcolithic II (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 177. Radiocarbon date analisis from Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008).
Figure 178. Location of Wadi Ubaid.
Figure 179. Location of Jabal Tbouq.
Figure 180. The PPNB flint scatter of Jabal Tbouq in Wadi er-Rhoum, Loc. 1, viewed from the east (after Nishiaki 2008:164)
Figure 181. PPNB flint implements from Jabal Tbouq in Wadi er-Rhoum, Loc. 1 (after Nishiaki 2008: 165)
Figure 182. Location of Bishri Mountain (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 62).
Figure 183. Topographic map of the research area (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 62).
Figure 184. Distribution of Bronze Age cairns (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 63).
Figure 185. Wadi Hedaja 1 (after Fuji and Adachi, 2010: 65).
Figure 186. Segments A and B (after Fuji and Adachi. 2010).
Figure 187. BC-10 Plan of the cairn (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 67).
Figure 188. General view of BC-10 from SE (after Fuji 2009: 154).
Figure 189. General view of the cist, from NW (after Fuji 2009: 154).
Figure 190. Human skeletal remains from the central chamber of BC-10 (after Fuji 2009: 154).
Figure193. BC-10 Construction material engraved with an animal design (after Fuji 2009: 155).
Figure 192. Construction material decorated with herringbone patterns (after Fuji. 2009: 155).
Figure 193. BC-10 Construction material engraved with an animal design (after Fuji 2009: 155).
Figure 194. Bronze products from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186).
Figure 195. Faience products from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186).
Figure 196. Agate and faience beads from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186).
Figure 197. Snail beads from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186).
Figure 198. Wadi Hedaja 1: techno-typological sequence of cairns (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 69).
Figure 199. Tor Rahum 1: site map and techno-typological sequence (after Fuji and Adachi 2010:71).
Figure 200. Tor Rahum 1: Bronze dagger and sheath from BC-131 (after Fuji et al 2010a:107).
Figure 201. Wadi Hayuz 1: General view of BC-05, from SE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 202. Wadi Hayuz 1: Small finds from BC-01 (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 203. Wadi Hedaja 2: General view of BC-09, looking NE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 204. Wadi Hedaja 2: Pottery from BC-09 (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 205. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: BC-01, looking NE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 206. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: BC-01, small finds (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167).
Figure 207. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: General view of BC-02, looking NW (after Fuji et al. 2010b:168).
Figure 208. Wadi Jal-at-Tyur 2: General view of some cairns (BC-17-18-19), looking N (after Fuji et a., 2010b: 168).
Figure 209. Finds from Structure A: el-Khiam points (after Fuji et al. 2011: 145).
Figure 210. Farkat Bidewy 1: structural complex, looking north (after Fuji et al. 2013: 8).
Figure 211. Farkat Bidewy 2: BC-01. From northwest (after Fuji et al. 2013: 12).
Figure 212. Location of Wadi Kharrar
Figure 213. Satellite image of the surveyed area (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 161).
Figure 214. General view of Wadi Kharrar, looking south (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 162).
Figure 215. Spring at a tributary of Wadi Kharrar, looking west. Areas 16 O and 16 P are located on the left bank. Top right is the southern end of Area 16 M on the lower terrace of Wadi Kharrar (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 162).
Figure 217. Chipped stones from Area 16I on a lower terrace of Wadi Kharrar. Tow lunates are on the top left corner of the photo (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163).
Figure 218. Middle Paleolithic chipped stones from Area 16AO on upper terrace of Wadi Kharrar (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163).
Figure 219. Mound tombs near Area 10N on the plateau along Wadi Ein West, looking east (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163).
Figure 220. A burial cairn at Area 9D near the upstream of Wadi Quteina, looking southeast (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163).
Figure 221. Location of Wadi Dabaa.
Figure 222. The cemetery of Wadi Dabaa. The map shows the sites of Tell Ghanem al-Ali, Wadi Shabout and Abu Hamad (after Tsuneki 2009).
Figure 223. Wadi Dabaa to the south of Ghanem Al-Ali (after Tsuneki 2009).
Figure 224. Unit A. Viewed from the west (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 188).
Figure 225. Unit B graves used as a garbage pits, viewed from northwest (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 188).
Figure 226. Unit C, traces of depressions excavated into the slope by grave robbers, looking west (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189).
Figure 227. Shaft of the grave. Tow monolithic Stone seal the entrance of the chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 189).
Figure 228. Stairs leading to the chamber, the bottom of the stairs is constructed from mud bricks (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189).
Figure 229. Pottery in the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189).
Figure 230. Complete vessels recovered from the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189).
Figure 231. Black Euphrates Ware with spiral burnishing from the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:190).
Figure 232. Zoomorphic pendant (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190).
Figure 233. Bronze pin with mushroom-shaped head (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190).
Figure 234. Beads (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190).
Figure 235. Postholes dug in the chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190).
Figure 236. The entrances of the four shaft tombs excavated in 2010, looking northeast (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 237. Grave WD1C-2, looking southwest (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 238. A jar and bottle of Black Euphrates Banded Ware from Grave WD1C-2 (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 239. A pair of Bronze pins from Grave WD1C-2 (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 240. Small hole between WD1C-2 and WD1C-2-3. An infant skull and complete vessels were located at the entrance, looking NW (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 241. Pendant of lapis lazuli (after Kume et al. 2011: 168).
Figure 242. Fragmented human remains (after Kume et al. 2011: 169).
Figure 243. Two burial chambers of Grave WD1C-3, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169).
Figure 244. Recovered human remains from the niche- like chamber of Grave WD1C-3, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169).
Figure 245. Pendant with flower-like motif from Grave WD1C-3 (after Kume et al. 2011: 169).
Figure 246. Two lateral chambers and a niche-like chamber of Grave WD1C-4, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169).
Figure 247. Disarticulated human skull from niche-like burial chamber of Grave WD1C-4 (after Kume et al. 2011:170).
Figure 248. Uncovered ditch and the entrance to the burial chamber of grave WD1C-5. A small entrance to Grave WD1C-5-6 and a drain outlet are shown at right in the photo, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011:170).
Figure 249. Ceramic vessels from Grave WD1C-5-6, looking NW (after Kume et al. 2011: 170).
Figure 250. Discovered complete ceramic vessels during the 2010 season of the Syrian- Japanese expedition (after Kume et al. 2011: 170).
Figure 251. location of the cemetery of Abu Hamad.
Figure 252. Plan of the cemetery of Abu Hamad (after Meyer 2010: 156).
Figure 253. Grave A5, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 157).
Figure 254. Grave J1-9, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 158).
Figure 255. Grave J1-9, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 158).
Figure 256. Grave J10, Stone cist with part of the covering (left) and the slabs of the side wall (right) (after Meyer 2010: 159).
Figure 257. Location of Wadi Shabout.
Figure 258. Wadi Shabout (WS) with the three investigated areas (after Numoto and Kume:2009 a:176).
Figure 259. Grave-cluster A, WS2, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177).
Figure 260. Tomb A1 from northwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177).
Figure 261. Shell ring ornament (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177).
Figure 262. Bronze object (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177).
Figure 263. Tomb A2 from the south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177).
Figure 264. Shell rings from Tomb A2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 178).
Figure 265. Shell beads from Tomb A2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 178).
Figure 266. Tomb A3 from northwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178).
Figure 267. Tomb A4 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178).
Figure 268. Both sides of shell ring ornament with spiral groove (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178).
Figure 269. Both sides of shell ring ornament with spiral groove (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178).
Figure 270. Tomb A5 from north (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:179).
Figure 271. Tomb A6 from west (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:179).
Figure 272. Pottery in-situ context at Tomb A6 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179).
Figure 273. Nearly complete pottery from Tomb A6 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179).
Figure 274. Distribution of grave clusters and isolated graves and their burial types in WS 1 and 2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179).
Figure 275. High mound tombs or tumuli called Tell shabout in WS1, from south overlooking Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179).
Figure 276. Cist/ stone chamber grave (Tomb B2) at Grave-cluster B, WS2, from east (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 180).
Figure 277. Research aeras WS 3 and WS 4 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 196).
Figure 278. Euphrates Banded Ware (Top righ:WS3-Unit C; Bottom right: WS3- Unit N; Top left and bottom left: WS4-Unit A (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197).
Figure 279. Pedestal of so-called “champagne” vessel from WS3- Unit C (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197).
Figure 280. Possible sherds of Black Euphrates Banded War from WS3-Unit C (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197).
Figure 281. WS3- Unit E, looking east (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197).
Figure 282. Sketch map of WS3-Unit E (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 198).
Figure 283. WS3- Unit N, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a:198).
Figure 284. Sketch map of WS3-Unit N (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a:198).
Figure 285. WS4- Unit A, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 198).
Figure 286. Sketch map of WS4-Unit A (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a :198).
Figure 287. Carin discovered beneath earthen mound at Tell Shabout 1, looking north (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135).
Figure 288. Discovered cairn at Tell Shabout 1, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135).
Figure 289. Main burial chamber of the cairn, a seriously disturbed above-ground structure was preserved, looking north (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135).
Figure 290. Tell Shabout 1. The inner ring and northern wall of the annex, looking east (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 135).
Figure 291. Tell Shabout 1 and 2 before soundings, overlooking Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135).
Figure 292. Fragments of possible Early Bronze Age sherds from Tell Shabout 1 (Left: hemispherical bowl; Right: Euphrates Fine Ware (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136).
Figure 293. Fragments of Roman/ Byzantine terracotta coffin from Tell Shabout 1 (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136).
Figure 294. Pit grave and surrounding Stone wall at Tell Shabout 2, looking southwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136).
Figure 295. Undisturbed terracotta coffin burial and human remains (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:136).
Figure 296. Tell Ghanem al-Ali and the sites included in the Syria/Japan Archaeological Joint Research (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008:135).
Figure 297. Plan of Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008:139).
Figure 298. Plan of Tell Ghanem al-Ali and excavated areas (after Ohnuma 2011: 154).
Figure 299. The three structures of the Square 1, from west (after Hasegawa 2010: 26).
Figure 300. Stone walls of Square 1 (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008a: 157).
Figure 301. Three- room building level 2, Square 2, from the south (after Kiuchi 2010:179).
Figure 302. Complete bowl (after Kiuchi 2010:180).
Figure 303. Animal figurine (after Kiuchi 2010:180).
Figure 304. Massive wall, from the north-east (after Kiuchi 2010:181).
Figure 305. Building level 7 of Square 2, from the south (after Hasegawa 2010: 30).
Figure 306. Plan of the site (after Ohnuma 2010a:131).
Figure 307. Square 2 (after Hasegawa 2010:210).
Figure 308. Grooved rim jar found in pit of Square 3 (after Negishi 2008: 182).
Figure 309. Zoomorphic clay figure from Square 3 (after Negishi 2008: 182).
Figure 310. Pit grave revealed in Square 6 (after Ohnuma 2010a: 131).
Figure 311. Fire instruments in Square 7, from the southeast (after Hasegawa 2011: 159).
Figure 312. Square 101 with cobbles allocation (after Khalil and Sultan 2010: 177).
Figure 313. Location of Wadi Jazla.
Figure 314. Small mound (Area 23H) on the left bank of Wadi Jazla, looking southwest (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 315. Stone tools including pestles and basalt grinding slabs that indicate food processing at Wadi Jazla west (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 316. Chipped stone from (rea 23H) in Jazla west, top left is probably a Canaanean Blade (burnt) (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 317. Pottery sherds like those in Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 318. Large Stone-walled building (Area 23J) on the hilltop of Jazla (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 319. Chipped stones collected on the ground surface inside the large building (Area 23J) at Jazla. Top left is probably a Canaanean blade (burnt) (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161).
Figure 320. Middle Bronze Age pottery from one of the plundered shaft tombs at Wadi Jazla west (after Nishiaki and Abbe 2009: 127).
Figure 321. Middle Bronze Age tombs, looking southeast (after Nishiaki et al. 2012: 4).
Figure 322. Another mound (23CG), looking north (after Nishiaki et al. 2012: 4).
Figure 323. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir.
Figure 324. General view of Tell Mughla as-Saghir, looking south (after Nishiaki et al. 2010: 118).
Figure 325. Rectangular structures on the Surface of Tell Mughla as-Saghir (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010).
Figure 326. The three principal settlements: Tell Hamadin (left), Tell Ghanem al-Ali (center) and Tell Mugla as-Saghir (right) with a 5-6km distance between them.
Figure 327. Cemetery from the Early Bronze Age distributed, looking west (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010).
Figure 328. Surface ceramic on the EBA shaft tombs after Nishiaki et al.: 2010).
Figure 329. Rectangular depression with shaft tombs along the Edge (26E) near Mugla as-Saghir, looking west (after Nishiaki 2010: 42).
Figure 330. Artifacts from the south of the funerary zone of Mughla as-Saghir (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010).
Figure 331. Location of Tell Beilouni.
Figure 332. Cairn field near Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010: 43).
Figure 333. Fragments of pottery from the Euphrates ware dated to EBA from cairn tombs in Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010: 43).
Figure 334. Cairn field at Beilouni, looking north (after Nishiaki et al. 2011:132).
Figure 335. Sherds of Black Euphrates Fine Ware near the Cairns of Beilouni, Area 9J (after Nishiaki et al.: 2011: 131).
Figure 336. A large cairn on the top of the Mound near the southwestern corner of the field cairn of Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki et al. 2011: 133).
Figure 337. Cairn surrounded by rectangular structures at Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki et al. 2011: 133).
Figure 338. Artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic at Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010).
Figure 339. Location of Tell Humeida.
Figure 340. The western part of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311).
Figure 341. General view of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311).
Figure 342. Beveled rim bowls from the western side of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311).
Figure 343. Beveled rim bowls from Tell Humeida (after Montero 2011:215).
Figure 344.The Byzantine wall of Tell Humeida (after Montero, 2012: 312).
Figure 345. Phase 2 of the Uruk layer at Tell Humeida (after Montero 2012: 313).
Figure 346. Location of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq.
Figure 347. Room 1 (after Montero, Al- Shabib, Marquez and Caramelo 2011: 171).
Figure 348. Basalt mortar with red color (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo and Al- Abdallah, 2011).
Figure 349. Objects found in Room 1 of the Middle Assyrian building (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo and Al- Abdallah, 2011:273).
Figure 350. Room 2 (after Montero, Al- Shabib, Marquez and Caramelo 2011: 174).
Figure 351. The ceramic found on the floor of Room 3 (after Montero et al. 2015:80).
Figure 352. Tow clay tablets found in Room 3 (after Montero et al. 2015: 88).
Figure 353. Middle Assyrian Administrative Pottery from Room 3 (after Montero and al-Shabib 2016: 252).
Figure 354. Room 4 (after Montero et al 2011).
Figure 355. Cylinder seal from Room 4 (after Montero et al, 2011).
Figure 356. Ceramics from Room 4 (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo 2011:274).
Figure 357. Provisional results of the GPR sounding at Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq (after Montero, Marquez and Caramelo 2011: 271).
Figure 358. Pottery from the Early Bronze Age (after Montero, Al-Shabib, Marquez and Caramelo 2011: 175).
Figure 359. Two rooms of the Early Bronze Age building (after Montero and al-Shabib 2016: 250).
Figure 360. Location of Tell Qsubi.
Figure 361. General view of Tell Qsubi (after Montero et al. 2006: 115).
Figure 362. Location of the Tomb of Qsubi.
Figure 363. Schematic section and photograph of the tomb of Tell Qsubi (after Alachkar and Showhan 2019: 275).
Figure 364. Location of Qleb al Hemma.
Figure 365. The five axes of survey at Qleb al Hemma.
Figure 366. Location of Tell Tibni.
Figure 367. General view of Tell Tibni (after Montero et al.:2006).
Figure 368. General view from southwest (photo by the author).
Figure 369. Ceramics from the Bronze Age and Iron Age from Tell Tibni (after Lonnqvis et al. 2010:220).
Figure 370. Fragment of Uruk pottery from Tell Tibni (after Lonnqvist et al. 2010: 220).
Figure 371. Location of Tell Abu Fahd.
Figure 372. View of the Tell (after Montero and Vidal: 2009: 215).
Figure 373. The tower in the northeast corner (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo and Vidal: 2006: 114).
Figure 374. The tower in the northeast corner (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo and Al-Sabib: 2006).
Figure 375. The tower in the northeast corner (after Montero, Marquez, Caramelo and Al-Sabib: 2006).
Figure 376. Location of Tell As-Sin.
Figure 377. Plan of Tell As-Sin (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 378. Shaft tomb with two lateral niches (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 379. Tomb excavated in the rock (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 380. Stairs of hypogeum tomb (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 381. Door of one hypogeum tomb (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 382. Tomb with five niches (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 383. Tomb with central pilar (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 384. Christian symbols and inscriptions in one of the tombs (after Montero and Al Shabib 2008).
Figure 385. Location of Tell Bouqras.
Figure 386. House walls on the southern slope of Tell Bouqras (after Akkermans et al. 1981: 490).
Figure 387. Contour map of Tell Bouqras (after Akkermans et al. 1983: 339).
Figure 388. Houses 16, 17 and 18 seen from the SW (after Akkermans, Fokkens and Waterbolk 1981: 496).
Figure 389. Plan of the houses at the southwest of the site (after Akkermans, Fokkens and Waterbolk 1981: 496).
Figure 390. Stone ware from Tell Bouqras (after Akkermans et al. 1983: 357).
Analysis of the historical and cultural processes in the investigated area
Figure 391. Location of the Paleolithic sites.
Figure 392. Location of El Kowm in relation to the studies sites.
Figure 393. Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in the investigated area.
Figure 394. Distribution of the PPNB sites on the Euphrates and Balikh Valleys (after Akkermans 1999: 531).
Figure 395. Neolithic sites in the investigated area.
Figure 396. Halaf sites in the investigated area.
Figure 397. Distribution of Halaf sites on the Balikh and Euphrates valleys (after Akkermans 1999: 533).
Figure 398. Ubaid sites in the investigated area.
Figure 399. Distribution of Ubaid sites in Mesopotamia (after Adams 1981: figure 9).
Figure 400. Uruk sites in the investigated area.
Figure 401. Map of Uruk stations (after Algaze 2005: 49).
Figure 402. Map of the Early Bronze Age sites in the investigated area.
Figure 403. Northern Syrian Euphrates EBA sites (after Cooper 2006).
Figure 404. Middle Bronze Age sites in the investigated area.
Figure 405. Late Bronze Age sites in the investigated area.
Figure 406. New-Assyrian sites in the investigated area.
Figure 407. New-Assyrian sites between the Balikh and the Euphrates (after Bonacossi Morandi: 2010).
Figure 408. New-Assyrian sites on the Khabour Valley, Wadi Ajij and Jabal Abd al-Aziz (after Bonacossi Morandi: 2010).
Summary and final conclusions
Consolidated References
Appendices
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