Blockchain for 6G-Enabled Network-Based Applications

A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions

Vinay Rishiwal, Sudeep Tanwar, Rashmi Chaudhry, Vinay Rishiwal, Sudeep Tanwar, Rashmi Chaudhry

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN: 9781032206103
• eBook ISBN: 9781000625479
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Computer Science
• Subtopic: Computer Networking
• Index: Computer Science

This book provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain for 6G-enabled network-based applications. Following the key services of blockchain technology, this book will be instrumental to ideate and understand the necessities, challenges, and various case studies of different 6G-based applications. The emphasis is on understanding the contributions of blockchain technology in 6G-enabled applications, and its aim is to give insights into evolution, research directions, challenges, and the ways to empower 6G applications through blockchain.

• 
  
  

• The book consistently emphasizes the missing connection between blockchain and 6G-enabled network applications. The entire ecosystem between these two futuristic technologies is explained in a comprehensive manner.

• 
  
  

• The book constitutes a one-stop guide to students, researchers, and industry professionals.

• 
  
  

• The book progresses from a general introduction toward more technical aspects while remaining easy to understand throughout.

• 
  
  

• Comprehensive elaboration of material is supplemented with examples and diagrams, followed by easily understandable approaches with regard to technical information given thereon.

Blockchain and its applications in 6G-enabled applications can drive many powerful solutions to real-world technical, scientific, and social problems. This book presents the most recent and exciting advances in blockchain for 6G-enabled network applications. Overall, this book is a complete outlet and is designed exclusively for professionals, scientists, technologists, developers, designers, and researchers in network technologies around blockchain integration with IoT, blockchain technology, information technology, and 6G-enabled industrial applications. Secondary readers include professionals involved in policy making and administration, security of public data and law, network policy developers, blockchain technology experts, regulators, and decision makers in government administrations.

Chapter 1Evolution and Innovation of Blockchain Paradigms for the 6G Ecosystem

R. Durga, ¹ E. Poovammal, ² and G. Kothai ³

^1,2,3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattangulathur, India

Corresponding author: [email protected]

DOI: 10.1201/9781003264392-1

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Generations before 6G

1.1.2 Motivation and Scope of Blockchain in 6G

1.1.3 Contribution of Blockchain Using 6G in Various Realms

1.2 Enhanced Data Security in 6G Networks

1.2.1 Threats in 5G Networks

1.2.2 Requirement Syntax of Blockchain in 6G

1.3 Decentralized Intelligent Resource Management

1.3.1 Application-Based Use-Cases in 6G Networks

1.3.1.1 Spectrum Management

1.3.1.2 Pervasive Connectivity

1.3.1.3 Network Slicing

1.4 Decentralized Architecture for Industrial Applications 4.0

1.4.1 Automated Robotic Systems

1.4.2 Augmented Reality

1.4.3 3D Printing Additive Manufacturing Unit

1.4.4 Personalized Healthcare

1.5 Distributed Ledger Technology

1.5.1 Monitoring and Protection of the Environment

1.5.2 Data Analytics and Data Sharing

1.5.3 Standards of Blockchain Adopted for 6G Technology

1.5.3.1 Intelligent Resource Management

1.5.3.2 Access Control of Intelligent Resource Management

1.5.3.3 Self-Adaptive Smart Contract Scheme

1.6 Integrated Networks

1.6.1 Internet of Things for Interoperability in Various Business Applications

1.6.2 AI and Machine Learning for Superefficient 6G Networks

1.6.2.1 6G Intelligent Smart Radio Communication

1.6.3 Dedicated Applications of 6G Networks

1.6.3.1 Smart Agriculture

1.6.3.2 Smart Supply Chain and Logistics

1.6.3.3 Benefits of Blockchain in 6G Networks

1.7 Conclusion

References

1.1 Introduction

The wireless telecommunication network mutates nearly every ten years, giving meteoric innovations since 1980. In 1981, the first generation of wireless cellular technology was analog standard radio signals. Then 2G digital networks replaced analog radio signals. The second-generation cellular networks are time division multiple access (TDMA)-GSM standards consisting of three primary benefits: conversations between users are digitally encrypted, methodical usage of radio frequency, and new data services mode on short messaging service (SMS) text.

In 2001, the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunication technology was upgraded from 2G for faster data transfer using International Mobile Telecommunication Standards. In 2011, the fourth generation of broadband cellular technology, using the International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced Specification, relied on Internet protocol-based communication. The fourth generation was usually described as long-term evolution (LTE), which offers highly defined mobile television, video conferencing, Internet protocol telephony, and 3D television [1]. In 2019, the fifth-generation technology standard for cellular networks was deployed worldwide. The 5G networks had greater bandwidth than 4G, which offered a significant advantage in providing higher download speeds [2]. Due to the growth in bandwidth, there was an increase in applications in machine-to-machine networks and the Internet of Things.

1.1.1 Generations before 6G

The sixth-generation network is the revolutionary innovation of this decade. At all previous levels of generation, the network had been vulnerable to security threats. The first generation wireless networks were elementary and vulnerable to illegal cloning and many security exploitations, such as masquerade attacks. The second generation was susceptible to message spamming, such the injection of false information into the networks. The third generation of wireless networks consisted of many Internet-based vulnerabilities in IP-based protocols. The fourth generation deployed many new multimedia, and hence attacks increased on smart devices [1]. The fifth generation, with many interconnected critical services, was expanded more than 4G, increasing the threat of actors in network applications, such as smart cities and smart transport communication [1]. See Tables 1.1 and 1.2.

The areas of study in the standardized development in terahertz wireless communication (THZ) [3] and visible light communication (VLC) are not included in the 5G cellular network, but innovative research is in progress to track non-line-of-sight environments. In 5G, cellular networks sensing using RF signals are still in research, not integrated for operations. But 6G networks rely on beam foaming patterns to facilitate operations on e-health and intelligent vehicular networks as innovative services. The 5G networks, which provide bidimensional space, offer connectivity to the device and ground. 6G provides three-dimensional coverage through terrestrial and nonterrestrial platforms by drones and satellites. Thereby, the functional standards of 6G meet the requirements of ultrahigh data rates and high-volume traffic while envisioning essential growth in blockchain technology.

Table 1.1 Comparison of Generations

Features	1G	2G	3G	4G	5G	6G
Start	1970– 1984	1980– 1999	1990– 2002	2000–010	2010– 2015	2019
Technology	AMPS, NMT, TACS	GSM	WCDMA	LTE, WiMAX	MIMO, millimeter waves	GPS
Frequency	30 kHz	1.8 GHz	1.6–2 GHz	2–8 GHz	3–30 GHz	95 GHz–3 THz
Access system	FDMA	TDMA/CDMA	CDMA	CDMA	OFDM/BDMA	COMPASS
Core network	PSTN	PSTN	Packet networks	Internet	Internet	Internet
Speed	2.4 Kbps	64 Kbps	2 mbps	100 mbps	300 mbps	1 Tbps
Handoff	Horizontal	Horizontal	Horizontal	Horizontal/Vertical	Horizontal /Vertical	Horizontal/Vertical
Service	Mobile telephony	Digital voice, short messaging	Integrated high audio and video	Dynamic information access	Dynamic information access on variable devices	Dynamic information access on variable devices with AI capabilities
Switching	Circuit	Circuit for access N/W and air interface	Packet except air interface	All packets	All packets	All packets
Satellite integration	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
AI	No	No	No	No	Partially	Fully
E2E latency	No	No	No	100 ms	10 ms	1 ms
Mobility support	No	No	No	Up to 350 km/h	Up to 500 km/h	Up to 1000 km/h

Table 1.2 Distinctive Differences between 5G and 6G

S.NO	Standards	Technological limitations in 5G	6G challenges	Supported use-cases
1	Terahertz	High bandwidth with Small antenna	High propagation loss	Industry 4.0
2	VLC	Unlicensed spectrum with low interference	RF uplink needed	E-health
3	Sensing and localization	Context-based control	Efficient multiplexing	Unmanned mobility
4	User-based network architecture	Distributed intelligence	Real-time process	Pervasive connectivity, e-health

1.1.2 Motivation and Scope of Blockchain in 6G

Blockchain technology is generally a tamperproof, decentralized database ordered in a hash tree structure. The features of blockchain technology are atomicity, durability, authenticity, suitability, integrity, privacy, and security. The benefits of blockchain technology [4] to 6G are (1) decentralization that enables zero-touch service management and improves the service strength in the nodes of the network; (2) immutability, which creates a trusted execution environment for the networks made of unbounded interconnected devices; (3) elimination of single-point failure by adopting standard cryptographic algorithm/advanced cybersecurity techniques; (4) smart contracts that enable data security, sharing, and service-level agreements; and (5) lower processing fees and minor processing delay for large-scale data exchange compared to 5G.

1.1.3 Contribution of Blockchain Using 6G in Various Realms

This chapter foresees that the future pathway for blockchain framework use in 6G technology is in enhancing security features in various realms such as IoT, device-to-device (D2D), machine-to-machine (M2M), smart contract, artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML). These highlighted enhanced security features of blockchain intelligent resource management employ smart contracts for spectrum sharing and provide self-organizing networks.

This chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.2 explains ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• About the Editors
• List of Contributors
• 1 Evolution and Innovation of Blockchain Paradigms for the 6G Ecosystem
• 2 Empowering 6G Networks through Blockchain Architecture
• 3 Blockchain Technology and 6G: Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions
• 4 Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence–Based Radio Access Network Slicing for 6G Networks
• 5 Key Generation: Encryption and Decryption Using Triangular Cubical Approach for Blockchain in the 6G Network and Cloud Environment
• 6 Blockchain-Based Efficient Resource Allocation and Minimum Energy Utilization in Cloud Computing Using SMO
• 7 Role of Blockchain Technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems
• 8 Blockchain and 6G Communication with Evolving Applications: Forecasts and Challenges
• 9 Emergence of Blockchain Applications with the 6G-Enabled IoT-Based Smart City
• 10 Blockchain: Insights Related to Application and Challenges in the Energy Sector
• Index