The Patriot Poets

American Odes, Progress Poems, and the State of the Union

Stephen J. Adams

• Publisher: McGill-Queen's University Press
• Year: 2018
• eBook ISBN: 9780773555952
• Topic: Literature
• Subtopic: North American Literary Criticism
• Index: Literature

Since before the Declaration of Independence, poets have shaped a collective imagination of nationhood at critical points in American history. In The Patriot Poets Stephen Adams considers major odes and "progress poems" that address America's destiny in the face of slavery, the Civil War, imperialist expansion, immigration, repeated financial boom and bust, gross social inequality, racial and gendered oppression, and the rise of the present-day corporate oligarchy.

Adams elucidates how poets in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries addressed political crises from a position of patriotic idealism and how military interventions overseas in Cuba and in the Philippines increasingly caused poets to question the actions of those in power. He traces competing loyalties through major works of writers at both extremes of the political spectrum, from the radical Republican versus Confederate voices of the Civil War, through New Deal liberalism versus the lost-cause propaganda of the defeated South and the conservative isolationism of the 1930s, and after the Second World War, the renewed hope of Black leaders and the existential alienation of Allen Ginsberg's counter-culture. Blazing a new path of critical discourse, Adams questions why America, of all nations, has appeared to rule out politics as a subject fit for poetry. His answer draws connections between familiar touchstones of American poetry and significant yet neglected writing by Philip Freneau, Sidney Lanier, Archibald MacLeish, William Vaughn Moody, Muriel Rukeyser, Genevieve Taggard, Allen Tate, Henry Timrod, Melvin B. Tolson, and others.

An illuminating and pioneering work, The Patriot Poets provides a rich understanding of the ambivalent relationship American poets and poems have had with nation, genre, and the public.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• 1 Philip Freneau’s Summa of American Exceptionalism: “The Rising Glory of America”
• 2 The Progress Poem in America, a Long View: Whitman’s “A Passage to India,” Hart Crane’s The Bridge, and Beyond
• 3 Repercussions of “The Bells”: Poe, Emerson, and the Bifurcation of American Poetics (with a Postscript on Tuckerman)
• 4 “Speaking as an American to Americans”: James Russell Lowell’s “Harvard Commemoration Ode” and the Idea of Nationhood
• 5 Confederate Poetics: Simms, Timrod, Lanier
• 6 Nineteenth-Century Poems by Women: Hannah Flagg Gould’s “Ode on Art,” Mary Ashe Lee’s “Afmerica,” and Harriet Monroe and the Great Columbian Exposition
• 7 Questioning America: Moody’s “Ode in Time of Hesitation”
• 8 Between Two Wars (1): The Lost Causes of Allen Tate – “Ode to the Confederate Dead”
• 9 Between Two Wars (2): “America Was Promises” – Archibald MacLeish and “The Irresponsibles”
• 10 Between Two Wars (3): Odes for and against Silence – Millay, Taggard, Rukeyser
• 11 The Rising Glory of Africa: Melvin Tolson’s Libretto for the Republic of Liberia
• 12 “America, You Made Me Want to Be a Saint”: Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl”
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index