From Simple Solutions to Strongly Structured Microemulsions

Fundamentals and Applications

Tseng, Shih-Yu

• Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
• Year: 2022
• Print ISBN: 9783736977112
• eBook ISBN: 9783736967113
• Edition: 1

Microemulsions are known for their versatile properties widely utilized in fundamental research and industrial applications. They are thermodynamically stable mixtures structured on a colloidal length scale with an amphiphilic film separating water- and oil-rich domains. However, recent studies claim the existence of "surfactant-free microemulsions, " which exhibit structures on a molecular length scale. By means of systematic phase behavior and scattering experiments, this dissertation provides deep insights into the pathway from simple solutions to weakly and strongly structured microemulsions. With bulk-contrast SANS, the scattering behavior of a simple solution system made of water, cyclohexane, 1- and 2-propanol was found to be dominated by critical composition fluctuations (Ornstein-Zernike). Further analysis of critical phenomena revealed the critical exponent doubling that follows the scaling law ? ~ "2" ?. On the other hand, weak scattering signals described with a new model were detected in the film-contrast SANS data due to the nearby tricritical point (TCP). After crossing the TCP, the formation of well-defined amphiphilic films was demonstrated by increasing the amphiphilicity of the amphiphile. Subsequently, the influence of modifications of the amphiphilic film by adding novel diblock polymers was studied. As a result, enhanced efficiency and strengthened structural ordering were achieved in typical alkane microemulsions and novel CO2 microemulsions. Finally, the properties of industry-relevant microemulsions were investigated in two application-oriented projects. One project focused on the phase behavior and the microstructure of polyol-rich CO2 microemulsions, which can be used for the polyurethane (PU) foam production with cell sizes of a few micrometers. The other project focused on the formulation of optimum microemulsions stabilized by highly efficient extended surfactants. The experimental parameters from phase behavior studies helped determine the coefficients of the HLD equation, which can serve as a prediction tool for tackling a wide variety of formulation problems. Above all, this doctoral dissertation elucidated the pathway toward structured microemulsions and demonstrated versatile aspects of microemulsions' applications.

Table of contents

• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Motivation
• 1.2 Task description
• 2 Fundamentals
• 2.1 Phase transitions and critical phenomena
• 2.2 Phase behavior of multicomponent systems
• 2.3 Microemulsions
• 2.4 Scattering techniques
• 3 From Simple Solutions to Structured Microemulsions
• 3.1 Before the tricritical point (TCP): simple solutions
• 3.2 Formation of an amphiphilic film: towards classical microemulsions
• 4 Efficiency Boosting Effect in Microemulsions with Novel Diblock Polymers
• 4.1 Nonionic aliphatic polycarbonate diblock polymers as efficiency boosters
• 4.2 Nonionic siloxane functionalized polycarbonate diblock polymers asefficiency boosters
• 5 Industrial Applications of Microemulsions
• 5.1 Polyol-rich CO2 microemulsions applied to the PU foam production
• 5.2 Salager equation for prediction of balanced microemulsions applied to EOR
• 6 Summary
• 7 Appendix
• 7.1 Abbreviations and symbols
• 7.2 Chemicals
• 7.3 Experimental methods
• 7.4 Additional tables and figures