Revolution is an idea that has been one of the most important drivers of human activity since its emergence in its modern form in the 18th century. From the American and French revolutionaries who upset a monarchical order that had dominated for over a millennium up to the Arab Spring, this notion continues but has also developed its meanings. Equated with democracy and legal equality at first and surprisingly redefined into its modern meaning, revolution has become a means to create nations, change the social order, and throw out colonial occupiers, and has been labelled as both conservative and reactionary.
In this concise introduction to the topic, Jack R. Censer charts the development of these competing ideas and definitions in four chronological sections. Each section includes a debate from protagonists who represent various forms of revolution and counterrevolution, allowing students a firmer grasp on the particular ideas and individuals of each era. This book offers a new approach to the topic of revolution for all students of world history.
- 217 pages
- English
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1
The
Emergence
of
Modern
Theories
of
“Rights”
and
the
First
Modern
Revolution
Before
the
revolutions
A
lthough
revolutions
had
occurred
before
the
eighteenth
century,
well
back
in
history,
and
as
recently
as
seventeenth-century
England,
eighteenth-century
people
in
practice
did
not
consider
the
possibility
of
this
recourse.
So
foreign
to
their
minds
was
the
term
“revolution”
that
the
word
in
French
denoted
only
movements
like
the
planets
around
the
sun
or
more
relevantly
a
new
minister
or
king
replacing
a
predecessor.
While
the
English
continued
to
celebrate
their
“Glorious
Revolution”
of
1688,
many
scholars
have
come
to
view
it
as
glorious
because
it
was
no
revolution
at
all,
but
a
restoration
to
the
status
quo
ante.
The
eighteenth-century
English
tended
to
ignore
the
genuine
revolution,
as
defined
here
and
carried
out
by
Cromwell
in
the
1650s.
Thus,
on
top
of
a
pointed
forgetfulness,
there
was
a
serious
gap
between
1688
and
the
American
Revolution,
a
separation
in
time
and
intensity
that
justifies
starting
this
book
in
the
eighteenth
century.
Although
most
of
the
eighteenth
century
witnessed
neither
revolution
nor
revolutionary
movements,
considerable
political
turbulence
existed.
In
fact,
two
outstanding
interpretations
of
Table of contents
- Cover
- Contents
- Illustrations
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- 1 The Emergence of Modern Theories of “Rights” and the First Modern Revolution
- 2 Latin America and Europe and the New National and Economic Meanings of Revolution, 1800–1871
- 3 Communism and the Modern Social Meaning of Revolutions Led by Centralized Parties, 1880–1949
- 4 The Global World of Revolution: Colonialism, Decolonization, and Anti-Western Views
- Conclusion: Further Reflections
- Notes
- Index
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