Agonistic Poetry

The Pindaric Mode in Pindar, Horace, Hölderlin, and the English Ode

William Fitzgerald

• Publisher: University of California Press
• Year: 2023
• Print ISBN: 9780520367449
• eBook ISBN: 9780520336568
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Literature
• Subtopic: English Literary Criticism
• Index: Literature

Pindar's poetry, although revered, remains one of the least read among great classical works, even within classical scholarship. His epinikion, or victory ode, is an unfamiliar genre, largely represented only by Pindar himself. Engaging with his work requires facing the challenges of his complex language, thought process, and narrative style. Despite such obstacles, Pindar has long been acknowledged as an essential poet, a symbol of inspiration and originality whose work has provided a model for poets seeking a break from conventional "classical" forms. Yet, Pindar's reputation as both a bold innovator and a flatterer of elite athletes has created a dual image of his character and work. In this study, the focus shifts from Pindar as a historical figure to the lasting significance of his poetic mode, which extends to modern works. Pindar's work is frequently invoked in discussions of lyric poetry to illustrate that lyricism can be more than subjective or inward; his poetry demonstrates a communal voice, albeit one that arises not from a predefined community but through the act of poetic resistance. By modeling community as an agon, or contest, the study explores how poetry can reflect communal forces rather than fixed groups. This approach contrasts with perspectives that interpret lyric poetry through individualistic or self-contained struggles, as seen in the theories of Harold Bloom and certain deconstructive readings, positioning the poetic voice instead as a dynamic, communal force. The analysis here extends beyond Pindar's ancient Greek context to examine the Pindaric mode's influence on the English ode and in the poetry of figures such as Hölderlin, as well as others like Claudel in French literature. While considering historical influences, this work does not aim to trace direct literary lineages; instead, it highlights shared problematics and poetic strategies. Through close readings, this study reframes the Pindaric tradition, not as a set of stylistic clichés but as a source of complex, communal expression within the broader field of lyric and odic poetry. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1987.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents 10
• Preface
• 1 Poetry and Agon
• 2 The Poetry of Reception
• 3 Vertical and Horizontal Pindar’s Olympian 3 and Holderlin’s ‘'Patmos"
• 4 Progress and Fall
• 5 The Hero’s Extension Pindar’s Olympian 10, Dryden’s “Alexander's Feast,” and Holderlin’s “Der Rhein”
• 6 Order and Violence Pythian 1, Horace’s “Cleopatra Ode,” and Marvell’s “Horatian Ode"
• 7 Form and Force
• Conclusion
• Appendix: The Text of Olympians 3 and 10 and Pythian 1
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index