
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. III
September 1920-August 1921
- 886 pages
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
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The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. III
September 1920-August 1921
About this book
This is the third volume of Robert A. Hill's massive ten-volume survey of Marcus Mosiah Garvey and the extraordinary mass movement of black social protest he inspired. Hill brings together a wealth of original documents-speeches, letters, newspaper articles, intelligence reports, pamphlets, and diplomatic dispatches--to provide a record of the period between the first and second international conventions of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The success of the August 1920 convention, as documented in Volume II, justified Garvey's expanded emphasis on African redemption and established his movement's substantial following in black communities around the world. And by the time of the August 1921 convention, the UNIA was the major political force among blacks in the postwar world. As Volume III reveals, however, there arose signs of crisis in the movement. Garvey's lieutenants began to doubt both the financial health of the Black Star Line and the wisdom of Garvey's methods of raising money for his Liberian colonization and trade scheme. Soon the entire Black Star Line enterprise hovered on the brink of bankruptcy and a steep decline in the shipping business made prospects for the Black Star Line even less promising. But Garvey capitalized on the momentum gathered at the August 1920 convention and spent much of his time in a new round of promotional tours devoted to selling Black Star Line stock, shoring up weak UNIA divisions, and chartering new ones. This gave J. Edgar Hoover his long-awaited opportunity to remove Garvey from the Afro-American political scene. When Garvey embarked on a promotional tour of the West Indies and Central America in February 1921, the United States government, with some assistance from the British, attempted to keep Garvey from returning to the country. Garvey's trip was to mark a turning point in the history of the UNIA. Garvey's lieutenants, who were charged with running the UNIA during his absence, frequently clashed over unclear lines of authority. This also created severe difficulties for the Black Star Line and the UNIA's Liberian project. Under these circumstances, Garvey asked for and received, from the 1921 convention, control over all UNIA and Black Star Line finances as a means of centralizing all authority in his hands. At the same time Garvey launched an attack at the convention against those black leaders, including W. E. B. Du Bois, whom he perceived as opponents of the UNIA. He further initiated a controversial campaign to label these political opponents as advocates of "social equality" between the races, while offering as an alternative his philosophy of "racial purity." This volume is the third of six that focus on America; the seventh and eighth focus on Africa, and the last two on the Caribbean. In Volume III, Robert Hill documents the complexities and turmoil of the Garvey movement from 1920 to 1921, as an unfolding drama emerges that pits American and European political, diplomatic, and economic interests against the first comprehensive expression of the modern black struggle for freedom.
This is the third volume of Robert A. Hill's massive ten-volume survey of Marcus Mosiah Garvey and the extraordinary mass movement of black social protest he inspired. Hill brings together a wealth of original documents-speeches, letters, newspaper articl
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Information
Table of contents
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- CONTENTS
- ILLUSTRATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
- TEXTUAL DEVICES
- SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
- CHRONOLOGY
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to Leo Healy
- Auckland C. Geddes to Earl Curzon of Kedleston1
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Statement by Edwin P. Kilroe
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Speeches by Marcus Garvey1
- E. G. Woodford to A. Philip Randolph
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Reports by Bureau Agent H. J. Lenon
- A. M. Brookfield, British Consul for Georgia, to Auckland C. Geddes
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- O. M. Thompson to Louis LaMothe
- Arthur L. Lewis to the Editor, BUFFALO AMERICAN
- Gilbert Grindle to Lord Charles Hardinge,1 Under Secretary of State, British Foreign Office
- Report by Bureau Agent H. J. Lenon
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Bureau Agent S. Busha
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- O. M. Thompson to Hugh Mulzac
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Letter to the Editor, Negro World
- O. M. Thompson to Leo Healy
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Rev. E. J. Echols1 to Marcus Garvey
- Editorial in the Buffalo American
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- John Wesley Cromwell to William H. Ferris
- Report by Bureau Agent H. S. White
- Marcus Garvey to Rev. E. J. Echols
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky1
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- O. M. Thompson to Hugh Mulzac
- Marcus Garvey to Leo Healy
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- W. E. B. Du Bois to Lloydâs Register
- W. E. B. Du Bois to North American Shipping Corporation
- Report of UNIA Meeting
- Report by Special Agent S-A-I-I
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Reports by Special Agent S-A-I-I
- Negro World Advertisement
- Report by Special Agent S-A-I-I
- W. Ă. B. Du Bois to the Canadian Department of Corporations
- W. E. B. Du Bois to Messrs. Furners, Withy and Company
- Report by Bureau Agent William C. Sausele
- W. E. B. Du Bois to the New York State Department of Commerce
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- W. E. B. Du Bois to the American Bureau of Shipping
- O. M. Thompson to Leo Healy
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Circular Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Bureau Agent H. J. Lenon
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Col. Matthew C. Smith, Military Intelligence Division, to Lewis J. Baley, Chief, Bureau of Investigation
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Robert C. Bannerman, Chief Special Agent, Department of State, to Special Agent Robert S. Sharp, New York
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Lewis J. Baley to L. H. Kemp, Jr., Bureau of Investigation
- L. H. Kemp, Jr., to Lewis J. Baley
- Special Agent Frank C. Higgins to Special Agent Robert S. Sharp
- Special Agent Robert S. Sharp to Robert C. Bannerman
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- O. M. Thompson to Leo Healy
- Report by Bureau Agent William C. Sausele
- Gabriel M. Johnson to President C. D. B. King of Liberia
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- NEGRO WORLD NOTICES
- Report by Bureau Agent L. H. Kemp, Jr.
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- O. M. Thompson to Leo Healy
- William L. Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover
- Rev. C. S. Smith to the Editor, Worlds Work
- Report of Marcus Garveyâs Speeches in Cleveland
- Report by Bureau Agent H. J. Lenon
- Marcus Garvey to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Report by Bureau Agent Adrian L. Potter
- Raymond Sheldon to the Director, Military Intelligence Division
- Sir James Willcocks, Governor General of Bermuda, to the British Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Wilford H. Smith to Arthur B. Spingarn
- O. M. Thompson to Leo Healy
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Madarikan Deniyi to the Richmond Planet
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Marcus Garvey to Gabriel M. Johnson
- J. D. Gordon to John Milton Scott
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to Cyril A. Crichlow, UNIA Resident Secretary to Liberia
- Marcus Garvey to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Credential for Cyril A. Crichlow from Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Bureau of Investigation Report
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- MARCUS GARVEY N. AMY GARVEY
- Arthur B. Spingarn to Wilford H. Smith
- Report by Bureau Agent James O. Peyronnin
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- J. Edgar Hoover to Lewis J. Baley
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- UNIA Division News
- UNIA Announcements
- MARCUS GARVEY V. AMY GARVEY
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Gloster Armstrong to Auckland C. Geddes, British Ambassador, Washington, D.C.
- J. Edgar Hoover to Lewis J. Baley
- Negro World Editorial Cartoon
- Negro World Advertisements
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Marcus Garveyâs Farewell Speech
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- J. Edgar Hoover to Anthony Caminetti, Commissioner General of Immigration
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Lewis J. Baley to the Bureau of Investigation, Jacksonville, Florida
- BSL Announcement
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Charles L. Latham, American Consul, Kingston, Jamaica, to Charles Evans Hughes,1 United States Secretary of State
- Editorial Letters by Marcus Garvey
- BSL Announcement
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Bureau Agent Adrian L. Potter
- Howard P. Wright, Bureau Agent in Charge, to Lewis J. Baley
- Gabriel M. Johnson to Marcus Garvey
- Alfred Hampton, Assistant Commissioner General, Bureau of Immigration, to J. Edgar Hoover
- Edgar Collier to James Weldon Johnson, Secretary, NAACP
- Archibald Johnson to the Richmond Planet1
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Robert Adger Bowen to J. Edgar Hoover
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- J. Edgar Hoover to George F. Ruch
- George Cross Van Dusen, Military Intelligence Division, to J. Edgar Hoover
- First Negro World âSpanish Sectionâ
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Walter C. Foster to Lewis J. Baley
- Report by Bureau Agent Erle O. Parrish
- News Report of Garveyâs Arrival in Jamaica
- Marcus Garvey to the Gleaner
- Gabriel M. Johnson to Marcus Garvey
- Schedule of Garveyâs Speeches
- Report of UNIA Meeting, Kingston, Jamaica
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Wilbur J. Carr to Charles L. Latham
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- John A. Soulette to the Gleaner
- Negro World Front Page
- Inspector McGerrity to the Inspector General of Jamaica
- Report of UNIA Meetings at Kingston and Morant Bay, Jamaica
- Report of Meetings at Montego Bay and Port Antonio, Jamaica
- UNIA to Cyril A. Crichlow
- Elie Garcia to Cyril A. Crichlow
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Article in the Chicago Whip
- Universal Negro Catechism
- Elbert W. Moore to W. E. B. Du Bois
- Report by Bureau Agents A. A. Hopkins and E. J. Kosterlitzky
- Open Letter by Rev. Ernest Price
- John E. Bruce on Bishop C. S. Smith
- Colonial Secretary, Kingston, to Clerk, Parochial Board, St. Annâs Bay, Jamaica
- Capt. Adrian Richardson to O. M. Thompson
- Marcus Garvey to the Gleaner
- Robert P. Skinner,1 American Consul General, to J. Butler Wright,2 American Charge dâAffaires
- Rev. Ernest Price to the Gleaner
- W. E. B. Du Bois to C. D. B. King
- Charles L. Latham to Julius D. Dreher,1 American Consul General, Colon, Panama
- Alfred E. Burrowes to the Gleaner
- Marcus Garvey to the Gleaner
- Memorandum by the Division of Western European Affairs, Department of State
- Marcus Garvey to the Black Star Line, New York Office
- T. M. Reddy to Lewis J. Baley
- Report of UNIA Meeting
- Report by Bureau Agent A. A. Hopkins
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes, Secretary of State
- E. Blackwell, British Home Office, to the British Colonial Under Secretary of State
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- William L. Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover
- Gabriel M. Johnson to the UNIA
- Walter C. Thurston to Charles Evans Hughes
- Stewart E. McMillin, American Consul, to H. Boschen, Manager Agent, United Fruit Company, Port LimĂłn, Costa Rica
- Elie Garcia to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Walter C. Thurston to Charles Evans Hughes
- Memorandum from the Military Intelligence Division
- Article by William Pickens
- Capt. Adrian Richardson to the Black Star Line, New York Office
- Report by Bureau Agent Claude P. Light
- Report by Bureau Agent H. B. Pierce
- Capt. Adrian Richardson to the Black Star Line, New York Office
- O. M. Thompson to Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to the Black Star Line, New York Office
- O. M. Thompson to Marcus Garvey
- O. M. Thompson to the Black Star Line, Havana
- O. M. Thompson to Capt. Adrian Richardson
- Charles Evans Hughes to the American Legation, San Jose, Costa Rica
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Marcus Garvey to the Black Star Line, New York Office
- Speeches by Marcus Garvey at Colon, Panama
- Gabriel M. Johnson to the UNIA
- George Washington to Harry Daugherty, Attorney General1
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Walter C. Thurston to Stewart E. McMillin
- Stewart E. McMillin to Walter C. Thurston
- Lt. Comdr. C. M. Hall to Rear Adm. M. Johnston1
- Elie Garcia to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Walter C. Thurston to Charles Evans Hughes
- Speeches by Marcus Garvey in Panama
- Gabriel M. Johnson to the UNIA
- Report by Bureau Agent Adrian L. Potter
- Memorandum from the Military Intelligence Division
- Newspaper Report
- Maj. Norman Randolph to the Director, Military Intelligence Division
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- William C. Matthews, UNIA Assistant Counsel General, to the Department of State
- Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey
- William L. Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover
- Charles Evans Hughes to Charles L. Latham
- J. H. Irving to the Detective Inspector, Jamaica
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Memorandum by John Cooper Wiley, Division of Western European Affairs, Department of
- Précis of Correspondence1
- Report by Bureau Agent C. E. Breniman
- Gabriel M. Johnson to the UNIA Executive Council
- M. B. OâSullivan, Acting Deputy Inspector General, to the Inspector General, Jamaica
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Charles Evans Hughes to Stewart E. McMillin
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Marcus Garvey to William H. Ferris, Literary Editor, Negro World
- Robert Woods Bliss to Joseph L. Johnson,1 United States Minister Resident and Consul General, Liberia
- Marcus Garvey to the Gleaner
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Constantine Graham, British Charge dâAffaires, Panama, to Earl Curzon of Kedleston
- Lewis J. Baley to William B. Matthews, Bureau of Investigation
- Lewis J. Baley to William B. Matthews
- Henry P. Fletcher, Under Secretary of State, to Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce1
- Report by Special Agent J. T. Flournoy
- Report of Liberty Hall Meeting
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Black Star Line Circular
- Marcus Garvey to Charles L. Latham
- Affidavit by UNIA Members
- W. E. Wilson to Marcus Garvey
- C. H. Calhoun, Chief of Division of Civil Affairs, to the Chief Customs Inspector, Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Marcus Garvey to Charles L. Latham
- Report by Special Agent J. T. Flournoy
- Sen. William B. McKinley to the Department of Justice
- A. J. Tyrer, Acting Commissioner of Navigation, Department of Commerce, to Collector of Customs, New York
- Charles Evans Hughes to Charles L. Latham
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- William C. Matthews to Harry A. McBride, Visa Control Office, Department of State
- Gabriel M. Johnson to Cyril A. Crichlow
- Arthur Barclay, UNIA Legal Adviser in Liberia, to Cyril A. Crichlow
- Cyril A. Crichlow to Gabriel M. Johnson
- Cyril A. Crichlow to the UNIA Executive Council
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Report by Bureau Agent L. J. Barkhausen
- UNIA Executive Council to Gabriel M. Johnson
- H. M. Daugherty, Attorney General, to Sen. William B. McKinley
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Report by Bureau Agent Madison Ballantyne
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Negro World Editorial
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- J. Preston Doughten, Visa Office, to Richard W. Flournoy, Jr., Office of the Solicitor, Department of State, and William L. Hurley
- Cyril A. Crichlow to the UNIA Executive Council
- Reuben Vassall, Detective and Acting Corporal, to the Deputy Inspector General, Kingston, Jamaica
- Cyril A. Crichlow to Joseph L. Johnson
- W. E. B. Du Bois to the Editor, New York Age
- Richard W. Flournoy, Jr., to J. Preston Doughten
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Marcus Garvey to Charles Evans Hughes
- Wilford H. Smith to Marcus Garvey
- Fred K. Nielsen, Solicitor, Department of State, to Richard W. Flournoy, Jr.
- William W. Heard, American Vice-consul, Kingston, Jamaica, to Charles Evans Hughes
- William L. Hurley to Harry A. McBride
- Cyril A. Crichlow to Marcus Garvey
- Henry P. Fletcher, to Charles L. Latham
- Report by Special Agent J. G. Tucker
- Report by Special Agent J. T. Flournoy
- William W. Heard to Charles Evans Hughes
- John C. Wiley to William L. Hurley
- William L. Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover
- Report by Bureau Agent Leon E. Howe
- A. Rudolph Silverston to Albert D. Lasker, Chairman, United States Shipping Board
- William L. Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover
- William Smith to Charles Evans Hughes
- William L. Hurley to Harry A. McBride
- Cyril Henry to O. M. Thompson
- Elie Garcia to J. Harry Philbin,1 Manager of Shipping Sales, United States Shipping Board
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Albert D. Lasker to A. Rudolph Silverston
- Report of Interview
- W. J. H. Taylor, British Vice-consul, to Tom Ffennell Carlisle,1 British Consul, New Orleans
- Reports by Bureau Agent Leon E. Howe
- A. Rudolph Silverston to J. Harry Philbin
- Report by Bureau Agent Louis Loebl
- Cable by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Charles J. Scully to Frederick A. Wallis, Commissioner of Immigration, Ellis Island
- CHARLES J. SCULLY TO LEWIS J. BALEY
- Marcus Garvey to Charles Evans Hughes
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Charles J. Scully to Lewis J. Baley
- Speech Announcement
- Speeches by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.1381
- Memorandum from Clifford Smith, Secretary, United States Shipping Board
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- William C. Matthews to William H. Ferris
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Second Annual Report of the Black Star Line
- E. R. Conners, Master, S.S. Kanawha, to Charles L. Latham
- Marcus Garvey to E. T. Chamberlain, Commissioner of Navigation
- O. M. Thompson to Marcus Garvey
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Article by John E. Bruce
- A Membership Appeal from Marcus Garvey to the Negro Citizens of New York1
- Convention Parade of the U.N.I.A.
- Article in the Negro World
- Keynote Speech by Gabriel M. Johnson, UNIA Potentate
- Opening Speech of the Convention by Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to Warren G. Harding
- Marcus Garvey to Charles Evans Hughes
- Marcus Garvey to Eamon de Valera
- Marcus Garvey to George V of England
- Marcus Garvey to Mahatma Gandhi1
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Article in the New York Globe
- Convention Report
- Speeches by Marcus Garvey and Charles H. Duvall
- Convention Report
- Editorial Letter by Marcus Garvey
- Capt. Adrian Richardson to Marcus Garvey
- J. Harry Philbin, United States Shipping Board, to A. Rudolph Silverston
- J. Harry Philbin to the Treasurer, United States Shipping Board
- Official Convention Report by Marcus Garvey
- Marcus Garvey to President C. D. B. King
- UNIA Auditor Generalâs Report
- Annual Report of the UNIA High Chancellor
- Speech by Marcus Garvey at the Opening of the Womenâs Industrial Exhibit
- Joseph A. Yard to Warren G. Harding
- Reports by Special Agent p.138
- Negro World Front Page
- âWarning to the Negro Public of Americaâ
- Negro World Advertisement
- Article by the African Blood Brotherhood
- ABB Bulletin
- Official Report by the UNIA Secretary-Generalâs Department
- Lewis J. Baley to Frank X. OâDonnell
- Convention Reports
- J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley
- Gabriel L. Dennis, Secretary, Liberian Plenary Commission, to William C. Matthews
- Report by Bureau Agent Leon E. Howe
- Report by Bureau Agent F. M. Ames
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Cyril V. Briggs to Marcus Garvey
- Convention Reports
- Article by H. Vinton Plummer
- Convention Speech by Rose Pastor Stokes1
- Convention Reports
- Charles L. Latham to Charles Evans Hughes
- Black Star Line to Henry C. Von Struve, American Consul, Antilia, Cuba
- Article in the Negro World
- First UNIA Court Reception
- Joseph P. Nolan to J. Harry Philbin
- Black Star Line to Henry C. Von Struve
- Convention Reports
- Henry C. Von Struve to the Black Star Line
- Henry Bailey to Charles L. Latham
- Edward J. Brennan to William J. Burns
- Report by Bureau Agent W. S. Bachman
- Report by Bureau Agent Edward Anderson
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- Report by Bureau Agent F. B. Faulhaber
- Henry C. Von Struve to H. H. McGinty
- Black Star Line to Henry C. Von Struve
- Norman Thomas to James Weldon Johnson
- Edward J. Brennan to William J. Burns1
- Report by Special Agent p.138
- William J. Burns to Frank Burke
- Report by Bureau Agent F. M. Ames
- Speech by Marcus Garvey
- Draft Memorandum by John Cooper Wiley
- African Redemption Fund Appeal by Marcus Garvey
- APPENDIX I Revisions to the Constitution and Book of Laws1
- APPENDIX U Finances of the Black Star Line, Incorporated
- APPENDIX III Bureau of Investigation Summary of the Minutes of Black Star Line Board of Directorsâ Meetings, 20 October 1920-26 July 1921
- APPENDIX TV Delegates to the 1921 UNIA Convention
- INDEX