The Metaphysics of Meditation

Sri Aurobindo and Adi-Sakara on the Isa Upanisad

Stephen Phillips

• Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic
• Year: 2024
• Print ISBN: 9781350412415
• eBook ISBN: 9781350412453
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Theology & Religion
• Subtopic: Eastern Philosophy

In this book Stephen Phillips focuses on one of the most important poems about meditation in world literature, as understood by two of the greatest philosophers of India, one classical, one modern. Sankara's commentaries on the Upanisads are a core of the Vedanta tradition and Aurobindo is a towering figure of 20th-century Hindu thought. This is the first time their approaches have been studied together.

The Isa (c. 500 BCE) an "Upanisad" belongs to a genre of "adhyatmika" learning-concerning self and consciousness-in early Indian literature. According to the Ancient Indian tradition of yoga, meditation is antithetical to willful bodily and mental action. Breathing is all you do. In the conception of the Isa Upanisad, we are told that the best that comes from meditation is because of what the "Lord" is. In Sankara's interpretation it comes to block out the little "you," whereas according to Aurobindo it comes as a divine connection, an occult "Conscious Force" belonging to truer part of oneself, atman, and an "opening" to that self's native energy.

Framed around Aurobindo's translation of each of the Isa's eighteen verses, along with a translation of each verse, Phillips follows a different reading of Sankara as laid out in his commentary. All this is done against the backdrop of modern scholarship. Convergences and divergences of these streams are the focus throughout. Appendix A presents the Upanisad with the two readings side by side.

This book traces a worldview and consonant yoga teaching common to two authors who are typically taken to be oceans apart, not only chronologically but in intellectual stance. Addressing a huge gap in the contemporary literature on meditation in the Hindu traditions, Phillips presents a compelling new way of thinking about meditation in the Advaita Vedanta philosophy and Upanisad.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Dedication
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Sanskrit Transliteration and Pronunciation
• Introduction: Vedānta and Yoga
• 1 Who is Addressed by Ādi Śaṅkara, Who by Sri Aurobindo?
• 2 “Blocked Out” by the Lord or “Integrated?” (Īśā 1, 2, and 3)
• 3 The Whole in the Part (Īśā 4 and 5 and the maṅgala-vācana)
• 4 Mystical Knowledge of Unity (Īśā 6 and 7)
• 5 (K)nots of Metaphysics: The Causal Argument for the “Self-Existent,” svayam-bhū (Īśā 8)
• 6 Knowledge of Self (ātman) and Knowledge of the Occult (Īśā 9 through 14)
• 7 A Theistic Way to Self-Discovery (Īśā 15 and 16)
• 8 Aspiration and Surrender (Īśā 17 and 18)
• Appendix A The Īśā Upaniṣad (the two readings and the Sanskrit)
• Appendix B Śaṅkara’s Commentary on the Īśā Upaniṣad
• Appendix C From the Bhagavad Gītā
• Appendix D: Śaṅkara’s Theodicy (from his Brahma-sūtra Commentary)
• Glossary of Sanskrit Words
• Classical Authors, Schools, and Texts
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index
• Copyright