Azules y Colorados

Armed Confrontations in the Argentine Armed Forces, 1962–1963

Antonio Luis Sapienza Fracchia

• Publisher: Helion and Company
• Year: 2023
• eBook ISBN: 9781804515037
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: Military & Maritime History
• Index: History

'Azules y Colorados' is the name originally used to designate two parties in hypothetical scenarios during an exercise. In 1962-1963, it provided the name for a series of armed confrontations between two branches of the Argentine Armed Forces. Both took place during the de facto presidency of José María Guido and aimed to settle the struggle between the top ranks of the Argentine military, and determine its future position in the state and society. All branches of the Argentine armed forces shared the country's alignment with the United States of America in the Cold War and the need to combat communism, but they were in disagreement regarding the attitude vis-à-vis the ideology of Peronism and the professional profile of the Armed Forces. The Azules proposed a limited integration of Peronism into Argentine political life and armed forces with a high degree of autonomy, though unified through a strict chain of command. The Colorados equated Peronism with Communism, advocating the complete eradication of both, and were characterized by a greater politicization of the military and deliberative inner workings. By 1962, each wing was fighting to gain control over the entire Armed Forces and thus be in a position to exercise guardianship over the government and set the course that national policy should follow. Politically, the radicals of the people (Balbinistas) were closer to the Colorados, while the intransigent radicals (Frondisistas) were closer to the Azules. The confrontation between the two groups was expressed in several episodes and two armed clashes, the first that took place between 16 and 18 September 1962, and the second between 2 and 5 April 2 1963. The military files registered the death of 24 combatants on both sides, while 87 were wounded, all of them in the second confrontation. Eyewitnesses reported the existence of several additional dead and wounded in both confrontations, most of them civilians, but this was never officially confirmed – however, the participation of civilians on the Colorados side was substantiated and remains well-known. Eventually, the clashes in April 1963 resulted in the Azules – led by General Juan Carlos Ongania – establishing themselves in a position of dominance over all the branches of the armed forces, supported by both civilian and ecclesiastical sectors of the society, the so-called 'Military Party'. Azules y Colorados is the first military history of that conflict, richly illustrated with authentic photography and custom-drawn color profiles and maps, it is an indispensable source of reference about one of the crucial moments in Argentine's history.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Copyright
• Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Foreword
• Introduction
• 1 Background
• 2 The Argentine Armed Forces in the Early 1960s
• 3 Military Uprising First Act (September 1962)
• 4 Intermezzo (September 1962 – April 1963)
• 5 Military Uprising, Second Act (April 1963)
• Epilogue
• Appendices
• Bibliography
• Notes
• About the Author
• Plates