Science in the Provinces

Scientific Communities and Provincial Leadership in France, 1860 - 1930

Mary Jo Nye

• Publisher: University of California Press
• Year: 2024
• Print ISBN: 9780520359147
• eBook ISBN: 9780520312623
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Science General
• Index: Biological Sciences

Science in the Provinces: Scientific Communities and Provincial Leadership in France, 1860–1930 by Mary Jo Nye reconceptualizes the Paris–provinces dichotomy by recovering the intellectual vitality and institutional ambition of five non-Parisian centers—Nancy, Grenoble, Toulouse, Lyon, and Bordeaux—across the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Rather than treating provincial laboratories as derivative outposts, Nye situates them within national debates over centralization, educational reform in the early Third Republic, and the entwined growth of applied and fundamental sciences. Through closely textured portraits, she shows how local economies and civic politics fostered distinctive specialties: electrical science and metallurgy in Nancy; hydroelectric physics and, crucially, Raoult’s physical chemistry in Grenoble; catalytic chemistry and institute-building under Sabatier in Toulouse; organic synthesis anchored by Grignard in Lyon; and a conservative, Catholic-inflected scientific culture shaped by Duhem in Bordeaux. Episodes such as Blondlot’s N-ray scandal illuminate how town–gown alliances, professional rivalries, and press publicity could both energize and imperil scientific reputations, while World War I recast priorities and resources, leaving uneven legacies across the provinces.

Methodologically, Nye critiques simple “center–periphery” models (à la Shils) by demonstrating a dialectical traffic of authority, talent, and technique between Paris and the provinces, where provincial initiatives often anticipated or pressured national structures later embodied in the CNRS and postwar engineering schools. The book weaves prosopography with institutional and disciplinary history to ask how examination regimes, salary scales, cumul practices, and ministerial patronage shaped research agendas; why mathematics retained epistemic primacy while chemistry and natural history struggled for status; and how regional industries and municipal pride underwrote laboratories that became international magnets for students and collaborators. By pairing social organization with the content of scientific work—physical chemistry’s emergence in “peripheral” Grenoble; organic synthesis in an industrial Lyon; Duhem’s skeptical philosophy within Bordeaux’s conservatism—Nye reframes “decline” narratives and demonstrates that French scientific modernity was co-produced in the provinces as much as in Paris.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1986.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• CONTENTS 1
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• INTRODUCTION: THE PARIS-PROVINCES DICHOTOMY
• 1 FRENCH UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR
• 2 NANCY: THE GERMAN CONNECTION, SCIENTIFIC RIVALRY, AND N-RAYS
• 3 GRENOBLE: FROM RAOULT'S PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY TO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CENTER
• 4 TOULOUSE: POLITICS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND SABATIER'S CHEMISTRY PROGRAM
• 5 LYON: APPLIED CHEMISTRY, VICTOR GRIGNARD, AND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
• 6 BORDEAUX: CATHOLICISM, CONSERVATISM, AND THE INFLUENCE OF PIERRE DUHEM
• 7 CONCLUSION: THE CHARACTER AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FRENCH PROVINCIAL SCIENCE
• ABBREVIATIONS
• NOTES
• GLOSSARY
• INDEX