Alliances and Treaties with Indigenous Peoples of Québec

The History of the Wolastoqiyik First Nation. The Maliseet Nation of the St. Lawrence

Camil Girard, Carl Brisson, Kateri Aubin Dubois, Kateri Aubin Dubois

• Publisher: Presses de l'Université Laval
• Year: 2024
• Print ISBN: 9782766302710
• eBook ISBN: 9782766302727
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: North American History
• Index: History

We, the Etchemins/Amaliseet/Maliseet/Wolastoqiyik, were the first, along with the Montagnais/Innu and the Algonquin/Anishinabe, to sign treaties of alliance with the French between 1603 and 1605. These treaties originated in the French policy of making and maintaining alliances with the Indigenous Peoples in New France to claim control over the territory, and to stimulate immigration, trade, and the expansion of the colony. […] In 1987, our Nation was reborn. The federal and provincial governments recognized our Nation (in 1987 and 1989, respectively), after it had been scattered and forgotten following the loss of the Viger lands in 1869. Thanks to the sustained work of families and community leaders, our resurgence began with the creation of the Maliseet of Viger First Nation government. In 2019, the Nation adopted a more representative name in its own language: Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk First Nation.This book focuses on the socio-political evolution of our members from their first contacts with Europeans until today. It demonstrates the resilience of our Nation in the time since the occupation of our ancestral territory. Today, access to our territory, cultural reappropriation, and the development of economic and political autonomy are the challenges that must be met to ensure the continuity of our Nation for generations to come… Knowing our history, making it accessible to our members and to the non-Indigenous population, is an important step toward us being recognized.Excerpt from the preface: Kévin Morais, Chief Councillor, Culture, Education, Health and Finance (2016–2020), Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk First Nation

Table of contents

• Contents
• List of maps
• List of figures
• List of tables
• List of Appendices
• Preface
• Kévin Morais
• Amsqahsewey
• Kévin Morais
• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• The history of the Maliseet of Viger First Nation in Québec: Research orientation and methodology
• Introduction
• The context of research with the Maliseet of Viger First Nation
• Chapter 1
• From pre-contact to the first coastal meetings
• Chapter 2
• The Etchemin and the alliance of Indigenous Nations with France
• Chapter 3
• Maliseet Nations’ treaties with the British, 1725–1760
• Chapter 4
• Managing land for agriculture and settlement
• Chapter 5
• The Conquest, the Royal Proclamation, and the recognition of Indigenous Nations
• Chapter 6
• The Maliseet: From recognition (1763) to oblivion and dispersal (1869)
• Chapter 7
• From dispersal to the rebirth of the Wolastoqiyik Nation of the St. Lawrence
• General conclusion
• Appendices
• Bibliography
• Map sources
• Map 1 – Archaeological sites in Maliseet territory
• Map 2 – French settlements in America, sixteenth to early seventeenth century
• Map 3 – Location of Tadoussac in present-day Québec
• Map 4 – New France, 1609
• Map 5 – Meeting places, 1604
• Map 6 – Indigenous Nations occupying the territory of present-day Québec, around 1600
• Map 7 – The King’s Domain, about 1650
• Map 8 – Indigenous Nations and confederacies of northeastern Turtle Island, 1585
• Map 9 – Travel routes in New Brunswick, 1895
• Map 10 – Boundaries of Maliseet traditional territory in New Brunswick, 1946
• Map 11 – Traditional territory of the Maliseet, 1978
• Map 12 – Portages and rivers between the Saint John and St. Lawrence Rivers, 2001
• Map 13 – Extract from a map by Lescarbot, 1609
• Map 14 – Extract from a map by Champlain, 1632
• Map 15 – Denonville’s map, 1685
• Map 16 – Extract from a map by De Rozier, 1699
• Map 17 – Extract from a map of Acadia, 1702
• Map 18 – Extract from a map by Aubry, 1715
• Map 19 – Extract from a map by Bellin, 1744
• Map 20 – Extract from a map by Morris, 1749
• Map 21 – Extract from a map by Mitchell, 1756
• Map 22 – Extract from a map by Mitchell, 1757
• Map 23 – Extract from a map by Delarochette, 1763
• Map 24 – Extract from a map by Jefferys, 1775
• Map 25 – Extract from a map by Franquelin, 1686
• Map 26 – Extract from a map by De Rozier, 1699
• Map 27 – Extract from a map by Delisle, 1703
• Map 28 – Extract from a map by Aubry, 1713
• Map 29 – Extract from a map of New France, early eighteenth century
• Map 30 – Extract from a map by Aubry, 1715
• Map 31 – Extract from a map by Moll, 1720
• Map 32 – Extract from a map by the Royal Academy of Sciences, 1729
• Map 33 – Extract from a map by Bellin, 1744
• Map 34 – Extract from a map by Morris, 1749
• Map 35 – Extract from a map by d’Anville, 1755
• Map 36 – Extract from a map by Le Rouge, 1755
• Map 37 – Extract from a map by Jefferys, 1755
• Map 38 – Extract from a map by Bellin, 1757
• Map 39 – Extract from a map by Bellin, 1764
• Map 40 – Traditional territory of the Maliseet
• Map 41 – Territory of the Wabanaki Confederacy
• Map 42 – Seigneuries granted by 1663
• Map 43 – Seigneuries granted by 1674
• Map 44 – Seigneuries granted by 1745
• Map 45 – Grants of rights for commercial exploitation
• Map 46 – The province of Québec, as specified in the Royal Proclamation of 1763
• Map 47 – Territory claimed in 1765
• Map 48 – Map by Champlain, 1632
• Map 49 – Map of the village of Viger, 1847
• Map 50 – Evolution of municipalization, 1831
• Map 51 – Evolution of municipalization, 1851
• Map 52 – Evolution of municipalization, 1871
• Map 53 – Location of members of the Wolastoqiyik Wahsipekuk First Nation living in Québec
• Map 54 – Evolution of municipalization, 2019
• Map 55 – Land ownership, 2019
• Map 56 – Ancestral lands covered by the 2019 declaration
• Figure 1 – Cover page of a history of the takeover of Indigenous governments of the state of Tlaxcala by Indigenous Peoples allied with the Spanish
• Figure 2 – Re-enactment of the meeting on 27 May 1603 at Pointe Saint-Mathieu, (now Pointe aux Alouettes, municipality of Baie-Sainte-Catherine)
• Figure 3 – Celebrating the 1603–2003 alliance: Chapel located on the heritage site
• Figure 4 – Mural depicting the history of alliances in the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico
• Figure 5 – France-Iroquois treaties, 1666
• Figure 6 – Wampum belts
• Figure 7 – The signatories to the Grande Paix de Montréal (1701)
• Figure 8 – Plaque commemorating the Treaty of 1726
• Figure 9 – Plaque commemorating the signing of the Treaty of 1725 by the Maliseet Nations
• Figure 10 – Petition for land by St. John River Indians (1826)
• Figure 11 – Document: “Indian Reserve no. 4, Viger, Québec”
• Table 1 – Portages and rivers mentioned in maps or text
• Table 2 – Camp or village names mentioned on maps
• Table 3 – Grant submitting aveux et dénombrement, 1663
• Table 4 – Population of New France (St. Lawrence Lowlands), 1663
• Table 5 – Grants submitting aveux et dénombrement, 1674
• Table 6 – Population of New France (St. Lawrence Lowlands), 1681
• Table 7 – Grants submitting aveux et dénombrement, 1723–1745
• Table 8 – Population of New France (St. Lawrence Lowlands), 1739
• Table 9 – Grants of rights to hunting, fishing, and trade with Savages
• Table 10 – Population in 1831
• Table 11 – Population in 1851
• Table 12 – Maliseet affected by the sale of the Viger reserve, 1870
• Table 13 – Population in 1871
• Table 14 – Families involved in claims by and the recognition of the Maliseet Nation
• Table 15 – Distribution of registered members by place of residence, 2019
• Appendix 1
• Commission of the King to the Sieur de Monts, for the habitation of the lands of the Cadie, Canada and other places in New Fra ce (November 8, 1603)
• Appendix 2
• Treaties signed by New France with the Iroquois in 1666
• Appendix 3
• La Grande Paix de Montréal, 1701
• Appendix 4
• Indigenous Peoples’ treaties, Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, etc., 1725-1776
• Appendix 5
• Maliseet claim, 1765, and the Governor’s reply. Letter of January 19, 1765 and the Governor’s reply published as an official document in The Quebec Gazette
• Appendix 6
• Manuscript document, Maliseet and the loss of the Viger territory, August 4, 1869
• Appendix 7
• Solemn Declaration of Mutual Respect and Inter-nation Alliance among Indigenous Peoples in Québec, May 16, 2019, in Québec City
• Appendix 8
• Timeline