Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

The Contents of This Volume Include Most of the Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Kimberlites Held in Cape Town from 24th to 28th September 1973

L. H. Ahrens, J. B. Dawson, A. R. Duncan

• Publisher: Pergamon
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780080180175
• eBook ISBN: 9781483187334
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Geology & Earth Sciences

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth investigates the physics and chemistry of the earth, with emphasis on kimberlite and xenolith geology. Topics covered range from field geology to mineralogy and geochemistry, diamond inclusions, and experimental and theoretical petrology. Diatreme emplacement by fluidization is also discussed, along with the chemistry and genesis of opaque minerals in kimberlites; light element metasomatism of the continental mantle; and primary and secondary phlogopites and clinopyroxenes in garnet lherzolite xenoliths. Comprised of 59 chapters, this volume begins with a description of a model of a kimberlite pipe that depicts a hypothetical pipe having a diameter of 300 m at a level equivalent to the post-erosional surface of the major pipes in the Kimberley area, South Africa. Subsequent chapters explore the formation of phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme volcanoes and its relevance to kimberlite diatremes; emplacement of some diatreme-facies kimberlites; irregular patterns of magmatism in southwestern United States; and the chemistry of titanium-poor spinels, ilmenites, and rutiles from peridotite and eclogite xenoliths. Chromite-silicate intergrowths in upper mantle peridotites are also analyzed. The final chapter is devoted to theoretical aspects of gaseous and isotopic equilibria in the system C-H-O-S, with application to kimberlite. This book will be of interest to physicists and geophysicists, chemists and geochemists, geologists, and earth scientists.

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• PREFACE
• CHAPTER 1. MODEL OF A KIMBERLITE PIPE
• CHAPTER 2. FORMATION OF PHREATOMAGMATIC MAAR-DIATREME VOLCANOES AND ITS RELEVANCE TO KIMBERLITE DIATREMES
• CHAPTER 3. MODELING OF DIATREME EMPLACEMENT BY FLUIDIZATION
• CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF KIMBERLITE DYKE AND SHEET INTRUSION IN SOUTH-WEST GREENLAND
• CHAPTER 5. THE EMPLACEMENT OF SOME DIATREME-FACIES KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 6. MAGNETITE-SERPENTINE-CALCITE DYKES AT PREMIER MINE AND ASPECTS OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO KIMBERLITE AND TO CARBONATITE OF ALKALIC CARBONATITE COMPLEXES
• CHAPTER 7. THE BUSHMANLAND KIMBERLITES AND RELATED ROCKS
• CHAPTER 8. KIMBERLITE AND RELATED ROCKS FROM THE NAMA PLATEAU OF SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
• CHAPTER 9. ECLOGITE NODULES FROM KIMBERLITE PIPES OF THE COLORADO PLATEAU—SAMPLES OF SUBDUCTED FRANCISCAN-TYPE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE
• CHAPTER 10. A PLATE TECTONICS MODEL INVOLVING NON-LAMINAR ASTHENOSPHERIC FLOW TO ACCOUNT FOR IRREGULAR PATTERNS OF MAGMATISM IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
• CHAPTER 11. MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF THE KIMBERLITE FROM SOMERSET ISLAND, N.W.T, CANADA
• CHAPTER 12. KIMBERLITIC-CARBONATITIC DIKES OF THE SAGUENAY RIVER VALLEY, QUEBEC, CANADA
• CHAPTER 13. KIMBERLITIC DIATREMES IN NORTHERN COLORADO AND SOUTHERN WYOMING
• CHAPTER 14. THE FEN DAMKJERNITE: PETROLOGY OF A "CENTRAL-COMPLEX KIMBERLITE"
• CHAPTER 15. MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY OF KIMBERLITE DYKE AND SHEET INTRUSIONS AND INCLUDED PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS FROM SOUTH-WEST GREENLAND
• CHAPTER 16. THE IGWISI HILLS EXTRUSIVE "KIMBERLITES"
• CHAPTER 17. GROSS BRUKKAROS: A KIMBERLITE-CARBONATITE VOLCANO
• CHAPTER 18. THE COMPOSITION OF LATE STAGE KIMBERLITE LIQUIDS AS REVEALED BY NUCLEATED AUTOLITHS
• CHAPTER 19. GARNET PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS IN A MONTANA, U.S.A., KIMBERLITE
• CHAPTER 20. AL-AUGITE AND CR-DIOPSIDE ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS IN BASALTIC ROCKS FROM WESTERN UNITED STATES
• CHAPTER 21. PETROLOGY OF PERIDOTITE NODULES FROM NDONYUO OLNCHORO, SAMBURU DISTRICT, CENTRAL KENYA
• CHAPTER 22. "PYROXENE"-ILMENITE XENOLITHS FROM THE STOCKDALE PIPE, KANSAS: CHEMISTRY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, AND ORIGIN
• CHAPTER 23. THE CHEMISTRY AND GENESIS OF OPAQUE MINERALS IN KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 24. CHEMISTRY OF TI-POOR SPINELS, ILMENITES AND RUTILES FROM PERIDOTITE AND ECLOGITE XENOLITHS
• CHAPTER 25. PENTLANDITE-MAGNETITE INTERGROWTH IN DE BEERS SPINEL LHERZOLITE: REVIEW OF SULPHIDES IN NODULES
• CHAPTER 26. CHROMITE-SILICATE INTERGROWTHS IN UPPER-MANTLE PERIDOTITES
• CHAPTER 27. TWO ROBERTS VICTOR CUMULATE ECLOGITES AND THEIR RE-EQUILIBRATION
• CHAPTER 28. EVOLUTION OF CLINOPYROXENE AND GARNET IN AN ECLOGITE NODULE FROM THE ROBERTS VICTOR KIMBERLITE PIPE, SOUTH AFRICA
• CHAPTER 29. LIGHT ELEMENT METASOMATISM OF THE CONTINENTAL MANTLE: THE EVIDENCE AND THE CONSEQUENCES
• CHAPTER 30. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PHLOGOPITES AND CLINOPYROXENES IN GARNET LHERZOLITE XENOLITHS
• CHAPTER 31. ORIGINS OF THE ULTRAMAFIC NODULES FROM SOME KIMBERLITES OF NORTHERN LESOTHO AND THE MONASTERY MINE, SOUTH AFRICA
• CHAPTER 32. PETROLOGIC AND THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE UPPER MANTLE BENEATH SOUTH AFRICA IN THE CRETACEOUS
• CHAPTER 33. CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTURES AND FABRICS OF PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS FROM SOUTH AFRICAN KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 34. PETROGRAPHY AND GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF UPPER MANTLE XENOLITHS FROM THE MATSOKU KIMBERLITE PIPE
• CHAPTER 35. MANTLE XENOLITHS IN THE MATSOKU KIMBERLITE PIPE
• CHAPTER 36. MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS FROM THE LASHAINE VOLCANO, TANZANIA
• CHAPTER 37. MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT CHEMISTRY OF PERIDOTITE INCLUSIONS FROM THE LASHAINE VOLCANO, TANZANIA
• CHAPTER 38. LITHOPHILE TRACE ELEMENT DATA BEARING ON THE ORIGIN OF PERIDOTITE XENOLITHS, ANKARAMITE AND CARBONATITE FROM LASHAINE VOLCANO, N. TANZANIA
• CHAPTER 39. GARNET-PERIDOTITE, PRIMARY ULTRABASIC MAGMA AND ECLOGITE; INTERPRETATION OF UPPER MANTLE PROCESSES IN KIMBERLITE
• CHAPTER 40. RB-SR AGE DETERMINATIONS ON SOUTH AFRICAN KIMBERLITE PIPES
• CHAPTER 41. COMPLEMENTARY PETROGRAPHIC AND STRONTIUM-ISOTOPE RATIO STUDIES OF SOUTH AFRICAN KIMBERLITE
• CHAPTER 42. THE GENESIS OF KIMBERLITES AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS: STRONTIUM ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE
• CHAPTER 43. GEOCHEMISTRY OF ULTRAMAFIC INCLUSIONS FROM SALT LAKE CRATER, HAWAII, AND FROM SOUTHERN AFRICAN KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 44. RARE EARTH ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF KIMBERLITE
• CHAPTER 45. ASPECTS OF THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF KIMBERLITES FROM THE PREMIER MINE, AND OTHER SELECTED SOUTH AFRICAN OCCURRENCES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• CHAPTER 46. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTER-ELEMENT RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICAN KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 47. ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY OF AFRICAN CARBONATITES
• CHAPTER 48. HYDROGEN, CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE STUDIES OF MEGACRYST AND MATRIX MINERALS FROM LESOTHAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN KIMBERLITES
• CHAPTER 49. A CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR DIAMOND AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOUTH AFRICAN DIAMOND CHARACTERISTICS
• CHAPTER 50. MINERAL INCLUSIONS IN BRAZILIAN DIAMONDS
• CHAPTER 51. INCLUSIONS IN DIAMONDS: GARNET LHERZOLITE AND ECLOGITE ASSEMBLAGES
• CHAPTER 52. A COMPARATIVE TRACE ELEMENT STUDY OF DIAMONDS FROM PREMIER, FINSCH AND JAGERSFONTEIN MINES, SOUTH AFRICA
• CHAPTER 53. VERIFICATION OF THE STABILITY OF MODIFIED SPINEL STRUCTURE BY MEANS OF HIGH-PRESSURE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE X-RAY ANALYSIS
• CHAPTER 54. PARTIAL MELTING OF PHLOGOPITE-BEARING SYNTHETIC SPINEL- AND GARNET-LHERZOLITES
• CHAPTER 55. MELTING IN THE MANTLE: PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC PERIDOTITE-H2O AND PERIDOTITE-H20-C02 SYSTEMS AT HIGH PRESSURES
• CHAPTER 56. C02 AS A VOLATILE COMPONENT OF THE MANTLE: THE SYSTEM Mg2SiO4-SiO2-H2O-CO2
• CHAPTER 57. RELATIONSHIP OF MELILITE-BEARING ROCKS TO KIMBERLITE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SYSTEM AKERMAN1TE-CO2
• CHAPTER 58. CRYSTALLIZATION OF SOME NATURAL ECLOGITES AND GARNETIFEROUS ULTRABASIC ROCKS AT HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
• CHAPTER 59. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF GASEOUS AND ISOTOPIC EQUILIBRIA IN THE SYSTEM C-H-O-S WITH APPLICATION TO KIMBERLITE
• AUTHOR INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX