The Credibility Gap

Evaluating and Improving Empirical Research in the Social Sciences

Anna Dreber, Magnus Johannesson

• Publisher: Taylor & Francis
• Year: 2025
• eBook ISBN: 9781040342237
• Edition: 0
• Topic: Economics
• Subtopic: Econometrics
• Index: Economics

Which scientific results can we trust? This question has been brought to the forefront of research in the social sciences in recent years with the movement towards open science practices and preregistration. Systematic replication studies of laboratory experiments in the social sciences have found that only about half of the "statistically significant" results published in top journals can be replicated in the sense that similar results are achieved with new data. This low replicability may be even lower in studies based on observational data as such studies have more degrees of freedom in the analysis of the data leading to larger possibilities to selectively report more publishable findings.

In this book, the authors provide a framework for evaluating reproducibility, replicability and generalizability of empirical research in the social sciences. They define different types of reproducibility and replicability and show how they can be measured to evaluate the credibility of published findings. Different approaches to improving the credibility of published findings, such as preregistration with detailed pre-analysis plans, Registered Report publications, and preregistered prospective meta-analysis are also outlined and discussed. Even if published results are not systematically biased, the variation in results across populations, research designs, and analyses decreases the reliability and generalizability of published findings. The book shows how such heterogeneity in results can be measured and incorporated in the analysis to more accurately represent the uncertainty and thereby generalizability of reported results.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Preface and acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 p-Values, statistical power and p-hacking
• 3 Preregistration
• 4 A framework for evaluating reproducibility and replicability1
• 5 Results from large-scale reproducibility studies1
• 6 Results from large-scale replicability studies
• 7 Predicting replications
• 8 A framework for evaluating heterogeneity and generalizability1
• 9 Empirical estimates of heterogeneity1
• 10 Meta-analysis and aggregating research findings
• 11 Debugging observational data studies
• 12 Discussion
• Index