Introduction to Statistics

Fundamental Concepts and Procedures of Data Analysis

Howard M. Reid

• Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc
• Year: 2013
• Print ISBN: 9781452271965
• eBook ISBN: 9781483324289
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Social Science Research & Methodology
• Index: Social Sciences

Using a truly accessible and reader-friendly approach, this comprehensive introduction to statistics redefines the way statistics can be taught and learned. Unlike other books that merely focus on procedures, Reid's approach balances development of critical thinking skills with application of those skills to contemporary statistical analysis. He goes beyond simply presenting techniques by focusing on the key concepts readers need to master in order to ensure their long-term success. Indeed, this exciting new book offers the perfect foundation upon which readers can build as their studies and careers progress to more advanced forms of statistics.

Keeping computational challenges to a minimum, Reid shows readers not only how to conduct a variety of commonly used statistical procedures, but also when each procedure should be utilized and how they are related. Following a review of descriptive statistics, he begins his discussion of inferential statistics with a two-chapter examination of the Chi Square test to introduce students to hypothesis testing, the importance of determining effect size, and the need for post hoc tests. When more complex procedures related to interval/ratio data are covered, students already have a solid understanding of the foundational concepts involved. Exploring challenging topics in an engaging and easy-to-follow manner, Reid builds concepts logically and supports learning through robust pedagogical tools, the use of SPSS, numerous examples, historical quotations, insightful questions, and helpful progress checks. 

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Acknowledgements
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Detailed Contents
• About the Author
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction Why You Need to Understand Statistical Reasoning
• Part I Descriptive Statistics Seeing Clearly With Data
• 2 Describing Nominal and Ordinal Data The Descriptive Statistics Used With Nominal and Ordinal Data
• 3 Describing Interval and Ratio Data—I An Introduction to the Descriptive Statistics Used With Interval or Ratio Data
• 4 Describing Interval and Ratio Data—II Further Descriptive Statistics Used With Interval or Ratio Data
• Part II Computer Assisted Statistical Analysis
• 5 Using SPSS
• Part III Inferential Statistics Thinking Clearly About Data
• 6 The Logic of Inferential Statistics The Distinction Between Difference and Association Questions
• 7 Finding Differences With Nominal Data—I The Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square
• 8 Finding Differences With Nominal Data—II The Chi-Square Test of Independence
• 9 Finding Differences With Interval and Ratio Data—I The One-Sample z Test and the One-Sample t Test
• 10 Finding Differences With Interval and Ratio Data—II The Independent Samples t Test and the Dependent Samples t Test
• 11 Finding Differences With Interval And Ratio Data—III The One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA
• 12 Finding Differences With Interval and Ratio Data—IV The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA
• 13 Finding Differences With Interval and Ratio Data—V The Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA
• 14 Identifying Associations With Nominal and Interval or Ratio Data The Phi Correlation, the Pearson r Correlation, and the Point Biserial Correlation
• 15 Identifying Associations With Interval and Ratio Data Linear Regression
• 16 Congratulations: The Big Picture and Next Steps Recapitulation and Final Considerations
• Appendixes
• Appendix A Kruskal–Wallis H Test Difference Design With One Independent Variable, Two or More Independent Samples, and Ordinal Data
• Appendix B Spearman r Correlation Association Design With Ordinal Data
• Appendix C Multiple Regression
• Appendix D An Introduction to Power Analysis Minimum Appropriate Sample Sizes
• Appendix E Statistical Symbols Used in This Text (And Commonly Used Alternatives)
• Appendix F Definitional Equations and, Where Appropriate, Their Computational Equation Equivalents
• Appendix G Inferential Statistical Procedures and Their Measures of Effect Size
• Appendix H Glossary of Terms
• Appendix I Answers to Chapter Problems
• Appendix J Statistical Tables
• Appendix K Overview of Statistical Procedures Covered in This TEXT
• References
• Index
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