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Here we are back in China. It is the 8th century and the golden age of Zen has begun. The followers of Hui-neng's sudden enlightenment style have multiplied like mushrooms after the rain. Everyone is trying hard to find new ways to induce a sudden breakthrough into the enlightened state of mind.
The most prominent figures in this group are Ma-tsu (709–788) and Shih-tou (700–790).
Ma-tsu was the inventor of almost all famous “hard” Zen methods. Punches, kicks, and even beatings, and deafening shouts were his most favorite.
His contemporary, Shih-tou, was quite the opposite. He preferred gentleness.
Both became a decisive influence in the course of Zen's history; Ma-tsu's descendants founded two, and Shih-tou's three of the five “houses” or sects that Zen had at its peak. Together, they produced an all-star bunch of Zen masters. It is remembered that Ma-tsu alone had one hundred and thirty-nine enlightened disciples.
There was a saying at the time: “In Kiangsi, the master is Ma-tsu; in Hunan the master is Shih-tou. People go back and forth between the two and those who never meet either master are completely ignorant.”
The two styles of Zen existing today, the Rinzai and the Soto, are basically the styles of Ma-tsu and Shih-tou respectively.
Ma-tsu felt that since the original mind is inherent in everyone, all that was necessary was to awaken the student to its presence. Here is how he used to do it:
A monk asked Ma-tsu for the primary meaning of Zen.
Ma-tsu knocked him down to the ground, saying, “If I don't strike you, the whole country will laugh at me.”
The monk was enlightened on the spot.
Once Master Ma-tsu was lying on the road with his legs outstretched. A monk came by pushing a cart and requested that he draw back his legs so that he could pass.
••• replied the monk and pushed the cart over the master's legs.
Ma-tsu returned to the monastery hall, grabbed an axe and yelled, “let the one who injured me come forward .” Without hesitation, the monk came forward and exposed his neck. An approving Ma-tsu put down the axe.
Not all of his interactions with his students were violent. In this next story, Ma-tsu was sitting with three of his disciples, and asked, “What should we do right now?” One monk answered, “We should study the sutra.” The second mond said, “It would be better to do some meditation.” Then the monk Nan-ch'uan (Jap. Nansen) got up, shook the sleeves of his robes, and walked away. Ma-tsu said,
Eventually Nan-ch'uan got the transmission from Ma-tsu (also called the mind seal) and went off to become a famous Zen master. He stayed for thirty years in the monastery which he built himself in the Anhwei province of Northern China. Some say that he never went out of the monastery in all those years. There are many recorded interactions between him and his most famous disciple, Chao-chou (Jap. Joshu). Although probably the most brilliant team in Zen history, their line ended quickly with Chao-chou who never found a successor.
When Chao-chou was still a novice, he approached Master Nan-ch'uan and asked,
Chao-chou stayed with Nan-ch'uan for forty years until Nan-ch'uan's death. He then spent twenty years freely wandering across China until he finally settled on Mt. Chao-chou (in Japanese, Joshu), the name by which he is remembered today. During this time, his fame spread far and wide. Here are some anecdotes from his teaching career:
Once a monk begged Chao-chou to tell him the most important principle in Zen. Chao-chou excused himself, saying,
"I have to go now and make water, just think, even such a trifling thing, I have to do in person."
Chao-chou stayed for forty years on his mountain. He died there at age 120, leaving no successors.
Ma-tsu's line was continued by Po-chang Huai-hai. Huai-hai is credited with the invention of monastic Zen. By uniting the monastic rules of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism, he set a firm foundation which has enabled Zen to continue until the present day.
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