Commerce and Character

The Political Economy of the Enlightenment and the American Founding

Steven Frankel, John Ray

• Publisher: University Press of Kansas
• Year: 2025
• Print ISBN: 9780700638314, 9780700638307
• eBook ISBN: 9780700638321
• Topic: Economics
• Subtopic: Political Philosophy
• Index: Economics

Nine leading scholars explore some of the most important minds behind the new political economy of the American Founding and engage with the foundational work of Ralph Lerner.

In his 1979 article, “Commerce and Character: The Anglo-American as New-Model Man,” Ralph Lerner argued that the American Founders and the political theorists of the commercial republic were charting a new basis for society that broke with the “old order,” which was “preoccupied with intangible goods to an extent we now hardly ever see. The king had his glory, the nobles their honor, the Christians their salvation, the citizens of pagan antiquity their ambition to outdo others in serving the public good.” By contrast, the commercial republic was a regime based on the belief that human behavior is best understood as driven by physical wants and tangible goods. A government grounded on this understanding of humanity would be a more stable system and thus more conducive to human flourishing. Lerner’s article thus interpreted the Founding as a revolution in political philosophy that must be understood against the backdrop of the Enlightenment.

Commerce and Character brings together nine distinguished scholars who explore individual Enlightenment or American thinkers who made important philosophical or political contributions to the new political economy of modern republicanism. The contributing authors include Ann Charney Colmo, Ryan Hanley, John C. Koritansky, Peter McNamara, Peter Onuf, Clifford Orwin, Paul Rahe, Colleen Sheehan, and Michael Zuckert. Each contributor uses Lerner’s essay as the jumping-off point, and at the end, Lerner provides a detailed response to each of his interlocutors where he carefully examines each chapter and reconsiders his arguments a half century later.

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Half Title
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Prologue: Commerce and Character: The Anglo-American as New-Model Man
• 1 Locke, Hume, and Property: On the Philosophical Foundations of Capitalism
• 2 Montesquieu: Commerce and Character
• 3 The Commercial Republic and Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments
• 4 Adam Smith, Alexis de Tocqueville, and American Greatness
• 5 “The Masterpiece of Policy of Our Century”: Rousseau’s Response to the Enlightenment
• 6 Thomas Jefferson: Commercial Republican, Creole Nationalist
• 7 The Good Republican: Madison’s Model Citizen
• 8 On the Significance of Federalist 6
• 9 Tocqueville on Democracy and the Commercial Republic
• Epilogue: Commerce and Character Revisited
• Selected Bibliography
• List of Contributors
• Index
• Back Cover