Form Follows Fuel

14 Buildings from Antiquity to the Oil Age

Florian Urban, Barnabas Calder

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2025
• eBook ISBN: 9781040402917
• Topic: Architecture
• Subtopic: Architecture General

Modernists believed that "form follows function." Form Follows Fuel shows that in fact energy has been the biggest influence on the world's architecture throughout the history of our species. The availability of energy under different fuel regimes – including human labour, firewood, coal, oil, gas, and renewables – shapes architecture at all scales, from what gets built to how its doors hinge.

This book is the first to quantify energy inputs for a range of buildings worldwide and across the historical record. In the process, it challenges today's architects, offers practical solutions to today's ecological crises, and highlights the aspects of today's buildings that make architecture responsible for 37% of human climate-changing emissions. It reveals the enormously lower impacts of historical alternatives to today's default building practices.

This book shows that the shift to modern fossil fuel use, from the seventeenth century, came to be the most consequential move in the history of architecture as well as in human history in general. This brought about remarkable wealth for the built environment and at the same time unprecedented dangers for our planet, as evidenced by the exacerbating climate emergency.

This book consists of 14 accessibly written case studies, illustrated with beautiful and revealing new measured drawings of each project by John Joseph Burns. Each chapter focuses on a single structure in a particular historical context, sometimes contrasted to similar buildings, from subsistence farming to advanced global capitalism. The chapters analyse the consumption of embodied and operational energy in these buildings, and also discuss questions of recycling and adaptive reuse. They complement precise descriptions with hard numbers on materials and construction, using robustly sourced approximations where exact figures are not available. The case studies rely on both published research and the authors' own calculations and allow systematic comparison across different global regions and historical periods.

Cases include architectural icons such as the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Baths of Caracalla, the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, the Seagram Building, and Terminal 1 of Kuala Lumpur International Airport, as well as common types such as a pre-modern stone house, a late-nineteenth-century tenement, and a modernist panel block. Examples are taken from different regions of the world, including ancient China, pre-Columbian Mexico, and modern Europe. This book is an important contribution to architectural historical research, written for students, academics and building professionals as well as for a general audience.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Text Boxes
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Buildings 1–2: You May Be a Pharaoh: The Great Pyramid in Giza and the Seagram Building in New York
• Building 3: A Dwelling in a Low-Energy Society: Blackhouse in Arnol, Scotland
• Building 4: A Rammed-Earth Dwelling: Teleuk in Mourla, Cameroon
• Building 5: A Mausoleum in an Agrarian Empire: The Burial Mound of the First Chinese Emperor near Xī’ān
• Building 6: Monumental Architecture Without Wheels, Iron, or Draft Animals: The Great Temple in Tenochtitlan/Mexico City
• Building 7: Leisure from the Emperor: The Baths of Caracalla, Rome
• Building 8: Fossil Coal and Capitalist Growth: A Georgian House at 36 Great James Street, London
• Building 9: The Transport Revolution: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, Mumbai
• Building 10: Early Mass Housing in an Industrial City: Tenement at Rostocker Straße 44, Berlin
• Building 11: Early Mass Housing in a Colonial Context: Jiànyèlĭ Lĭlòng Ensemble, Shanghai
• Building 12: The Modern Factory: Original Assembly Building at the Ford Plant in Highland Park Near Detroit
• Building 13: Mass Housing at Its Peak: Panel Block at Ulitsa Grimau 14, Moscow
• Building 14: The Contemporary Airport: Kuala Lumpur International Airport
• Conclusion: Architecture for the Post-Oil Era?
• Annex 1: Basic Energy Figures
• Annex 2: Human Labour, an Elusive Quantity
• Index of Architects, Builders and Clients
• Thematic Index