Protesting Affirmative Action

The Struggle over Equality after the Civil Rights Revolution

Dennis Deslippe

• Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
• Year: 2012
• eBook ISBN: 9781421404318
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: African American History
• Index: History

A lightning rod for liberal and conservative opposition alike, affirmative action has proved one of the more divisive issues in the United States over the past five decades. Dennis Deslippe here offers a thoughtful study of early opposition to the nation's race- and gender-sensitive hiring and promotion programs in higher education and the workplace.

This story begins more than fifteen years before the 1978 landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. Partisans attacked affirmative action almost immediately after it first appeared in the 1960s. Liberals in the opposition movement played an especially significant role. While not completely against the initiative, liberal opponents strove for "soft" affirmative action (recruitment, financial aid, remedial programs) and against "hard" affirmative action (numerical goals, quotas). In the process of balancing ideals of race and gender equality with competing notions of colorblindness and meritocracy, they even borrowed the language of the civil rights era to make far-reaching claims about equality, justice, and citizenship in their anti–affirmative action rhetoric.

Deslippe traces this conflict through compelling case studies of real people and real jobs. He asks what the introduction of affirmative action meant to the careers and livelihoods of Seattle steelworkers, New York asbestos handlers, St. Louis firemen, Detroit policemen, City University of New York academics, and admissions counselors at the University of Washington Law School. Through their experiences, Deslippe examines the diverse reactions to affirmative action, concluding that workers had legitimate grievances against its hiring and promotion practices.

In studying this phenomenon, Deslippe deepens our understanding of American democracy and neoconservatism in the late twentieth century and shows how the liberals' often contradictory positions of the 1960s and 1970s reflect the conflicted views about affirmative action many Americans still hold today.

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• List of Acronyms and Initialisms
• Introduction
• 1 “The Best ‘Affirmative Action Program’ Is Creating Jobs for Everyone”: Organized Labor Responds to Affirmative Action, 1960–1974
• 2 “This Strange Madness”: The Origins of Opposition to Higher Education Affirmative Action, 1968–1972
• 3 “This Issue Is Getting Hotter”: The Struggle over Affirmative Action Policy in the Early 1970s
• 4 “Treat Him as a Decent American!”: DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974) and Colorblindness in the Courtroom
• 5 “Do Whites Have Rights?”: White Detroit Policemen and the “Reverse Discrimination” Protests of the 1970s
• 6 “The Fight for True Nondiscrimination”: The Politics of Anti–Affirmative Action in the 1970s
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Essay on Sources
• Index