Youth in Africa's Labor Market

Marito H. Garcia, Jean Fares

• Publisher: World Bank Publications
• Year: 2008
• eBook ISBN: 9780821368855
• Edition: 0
• Topic: Economics
• Subtopic: Labour Economics
• Index: Economics

The authors examine the challenges facing Africa's youth in their transition from school to working life, and propose a policy framework for meeting these challenges. Topics covered include the effect of education on employment and income, broadening employment opportunities, and enhancing youth capabilities. The book includes a CD-ROM of case studies of four countries and household data on 13 countries.

Table of contents

• Contents
• Foreword
• Contributors
• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• Executive Summary
• PART 1 Youth in Africa’s Labor Market: A Synthesis
• PART 2 Youth in Africa’s Labor Market: Country Case Studies
• Box 1.1 HIV/AIDS Is Projected to Reduce the Size of the Youth Cohort in Southern Africa
• Figure 1.1 Africa’s Youth Population Is Projected to Grow Faster Than That of Any Other Region in the World
• Figure 1.2 Economic Returns to Secondary Education Are High and Rising Faster Than Educational Attainment in Uganda
• Figure 1.3 Too Many Children Are Working in Many Sub-Saharan African Countries
• Figure 1.4 The Level of Education among Out-of-School Youth in Africa Is Low
• Figure 1.5 The Level of Literacy Varies Widely in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Higher-Income Countries Tending to have Higher Literary Rates
• Figure 1.6 Most African Youth Work in the Informal Sector or Are Self-Employed
• Figure 1.7 Less-Skilled Youth Are Most Vulnerable to Changes in the Supply of and Demand for Labor in Ethiopia
• Figure 2.1 Child Participation in the Labor Force Is High, Particularly among Rural Males in Ethiopia
• Figure 2.2 The Late Age of School Leaving Is Not an Indication of High Educational Attainment in Burkina Faso
• Figure 3.1 Time Use by Income Quintile Varies across Countries
• Figure 3.2 Time Use by Patterns of Young People Vary across Age Groups and Countries
• Figure 4.1 Household Earnings Increase with Educational Attainment in Burkina Faso
• Figure 4.2 More Education Does Not Always Reduce the Rate of Unemployment among Youth
• Figure 5.1 Most Youth Perform Unpaid Family Work, Predominantly in Agriculture in Ethiopia
• Figure 5.2 Unemployment Is Higher among Youth Than Adults in Almost All Sub-Saharan African Countries
• Figure 5.3 Many Urban Youth Remain Unemployed for More Than a Year in Ethiopia
• Figure 5.4 Unemployment Spells Last Much Longer in Urban Than in Rural Areas in Tanzania
• Figure 5.5 Young Females Are More Likely Than Young Males to Be Neither Working Nor Attending School
• Figure 7.1 Regional Unemployment Rates, 2003
• Figure 7.2 Average Years of Schooling, by Region and Year
• Figure 7.3 Educational Attainment of Nonstudent Youth, Sub-Saharan Africa Region
• Figure 7.4 Unemployment Rate for Youth by Educational Attainment in Sub-Saharan African Countries
• Figure 7.5 Changes in the Time Use Patterns of Young People by Age and Country
• Figure 7.6 Unemployment Ratios for Young People Ages 15–24, by Sex, Residence, School Attendance, and Country
• Figure 7.7 Youth versus Adult Unemployment
• Figure 7.8 Ratio of Youth to Adult Unemployment Rates, Sub-Saharan African Countries and OECD Countries
• Figure 7.9 Length and Timing of Transition from School to Work for Children Ever Attending School by Sex, Residence, and Country
• Figure 7.10 School Enrollment by Age and School Attendance in Burkina Faso
• Figure 7.11 Correlation Between Transition Duration and Selected Macroeconomic and Demographic Factors
• Figure 7.12 The Proportion of Children Ages 8–12 Who Are Economically Active
• Figure 7.13 Age at First Job for Children Never Attending School, by Country
• Figure 9.1 Ethiopia’s Labor Force Tripled between 1960 and 2002
• Figure 9.2 Gross Primary School Enrollment in Ethiopia More Than Doubled between 1995 and 2003
• Figure 9.3 Rural Residents and Boys in Ethiopia Are More Likely to Work as Children Than Urban Residents and Girls
• Figure 9.4 The Unemployment Ratio and Rate of Joblessness among 15- to 24-Years-Olds in Ethiopia Are About Average for Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 9.5 Youth Unemployment Ratios in Ethiopia Are Much Higher in Urban Than in Rural Areas
• Figure 9.6 Urban Workers in Ethiopia Work Many More Hours per Week Than Rural Workers
• Figure 9.7 The Duration of Urban Unemployment in Ethiopia Is a Cause for Concern
• Figure 9.8 Youth Have Weaker Labor Indicators Than Adults in Ethiopia, but Unemployment among Both Groups Is Low
• Figure 9.9 The Unemployment Ratio among Ethiopian Adults of All Ages Is Higher in Urban Than in Rural Areas
• Figure 9.10 Ethiopian Youth Begin the Transition from School to Work Later Than Youth in Other Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 9.11 Ethiopian Children Who Start School Tend to Remain in School through Their Teens
• Figure 9.12 Gender and Location Affect the Duration and Timing of the Transition from School to Work in Ethiopia
• Figure 9.13 Ethiopian Children Begin Work Much Earlier Than Children in Other Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 9.14 Employment Rates among Ethiopians Ages 20–24 Decrease with Education, and Unemployment Rates Increase
• Figure 9.15 The Higher Their Level of Education, the More Likely Ethiopians Ages 20–24 Are to Work in Wage Employment
• Figure 11.1 Income Rises with Level of Education in Uganda
• Table 2.1 Age of First Job and Percentage of Children Working in Selected Countries
• Table 2.2 Type and Sector of Employment of Child Workers by Age Group, Gender, and Urban-Rural Location in Ethiopia
• Table 2.3 Effect of Poverty and Household Income Shocks on Labor Force Participation of Urban Dwellers Ages 12–14 in Burkina Faso
• Table 2.4 Duration of the School-to-Work Transition in Selected Countries
• Table 2.5 Length and Timing of Transition from School to Work by Gender, Residence, and Country
• Table 3.1 Time Use among Male and Female Youth in Selected Countries
• Table 3.2 Time Use among Rural and Urban Youth in Selected Countries
• Table 3.3 Time Use among Teenagers and Young Adults in Selected Countries
• Table 4.1 Effect of Primary and Secondary Education on Wages, by Age Group, 1992 and 1999, in Uganda
• Table 4.2 Determinants of Schooling for Urban and Rural Youth by Gender in Tanzania
• Table 5.1 Determinants of Urban and Rural Youth Unemployment in Tanzania
• Table 5.2 Determinants of Urban and Rural Youth Inactivity in Tanzania
• Table 5.3 Employment Response to Demographic and Economic Shocks for Females by Location and Education in Ethiopia
• Table 5.4 Response of Youth Employment to Demographic and Economic Shocks for Females by Level of Education and Urban-Rural Location in Ethiopia
• Table 5.5 Modality of Employment by Youth and Adults in Selected Countries
• Table 5.6 Modality of Employment of Rural and Urban Youth, in Selected Countries
• Table 5.7 Employment Modality by Gender, Age Group, and Urban-Rural Location in Tanzania
• Table 5.8 Multiple Job Holding and Underemployment by Gender, Age, and Urban-Rural Location in Burkina Faso
• Table 5.9 Reported Reasons for Inactivity among Male Youth in Tanzania
• Table 6.1 Promising Interventions in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda
• Table 6B.1 Selected Employment-Related Programs by Category, Location, and Age Group Served in Burkina Faso
• Table 6B.2 Quality of Employment-Related Interventions in Burkina Faso
• Table 6B.3 Quality of Evaluations of Employment-Related Interventions in Burkina Faso
• Table 6C.1 Selected Employment-Related Programs by Category, Location, and Age of Group Served in Ethiopia
• Table 6C.2 Quality of Employment-Related Interventions in Ethiopia
• Table 6C.3 Quality of Evaluations of Employment-Related Programs in Ethiopia
• Table 6D.1 Selected Employment-Related Programs by Category, Location, and Age Group Served in Tanzania
• Table 6D.2 Quality of Employment-Related Interventions in Tanzania
• Table 6D.3 Quality of Evaluations of Employment-Related Programs in Tanzania
• Table 7.1 Time Use Patterns for Youth Ages 15–24, by Country
• Table 7.2 Time Use Patterns for Youth Ages 15–24, by Sex and Country
• Table 7.3 Time Use Patterns for Youth Ages 15–24, by Residence and Country
• Table 7.4 Time Use Patterns for Youth, by Age Group and Country
• Table 7.5 Youth Unemployment, Inactivity, and Jobless Indicators, by Age Group and Country
• Table 7.6 Employment Characteristics for the 15–24 Year-Old Age Group, by Country
• Table 7.7 Youth versus Adult Employment Characteristics by Country
• Table 7.8 School-to-Work Transition Points by Residence and Country
• Table 8.1 School and Work Status of Females and Males in Burkina Faso, by Age, 1993–2003
• Table 8.2 Employment and Unemployment Rates among Burkinabes Not Enrolled in School, by Age and Gender, 1993–2003
• Table 8.3 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Burkina Faso, by Age, Gender, and Education, 1993–2003
• Table 8.4 Employment and Unemployment Rates in Urban and Rural Areas of Burkina Faso, 1993–2003
• Table 8.5 Percentage of Burkinabes Underemployed or Holding More Than One Job, 2003
• Table 8.6 Percentage of Burkinabes Holding More Than One Job, by Household Income Quintile, 2003
• Table 8.7 Household Income Shocks and Labor Force Participation in Burkina Faso, 2003
• Table 8.8 Changes in Household’s Economic Conditions and Labor Force Participation
• Table 8.9 School Enrollment Probits for Burkina Faso, 1993–2003
• Table 8.10 Rate of Return to Schooling in Burkina Faso, 2003
• Table 8.11 Instrumental Variables Estimates of Rate of Return to Schooling
• Table 8.12 Panel Data IV Estimates
• Table 9.1 Macroeconomic Indicators for Ethiopia, 1982–2001
• Table 9.2 Work and School Activity of Ethiopian Children, by Age, Gender, and Urban-Rural Location
• Table 9.3 Youth Unemployment, Inactivity, and Joblessness Indicators in Ethiopia, by Age Group, Gender, and Urban-Rural Location
• Table 9.4 Work Modality, Sector of Employment, and Average Weekly Hours of Employed Ethiopian Youth
• Table 9.5 Ratio of Youth to Adult Unemployment Rates in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
• Table 9.6 School-to-Work Transition Points in Ethiopia, by Gender and Urban-Rural Location
• Table 9.7 Employment Status and Employment Modality of Ethiopians Not in School, by Educational Attainmentand Age Group
• Table 9.8 Probability of Employment among Ethiopians Ages 10–24: Probit Estimates Using Regionwide Definition of Local Labor Market
• Table 9.9 Probability of Employment among Rural and Urban Ethiopians Ages 10–24, by Level of Education: Probit Estimates Obtained Using Indicators of Local Labor Market Separated for Rural and Urban Areas
• Table 10.1 Labor Force and Schooling Status in Tanzania, 2000/01
• Table 10.2 Nature of Employment in Tanzania, 2000/01
• Table 10.3 Activity and Unemployment Status in Tanzania, 2000/01
• Table 10.4 Reasons Why Tanzanians Are Not Looking for or Are Not Available for Work
• Table 10.5 Job Search Methods in Tanzania
• Table 10.6 Determinants of Labor Force Status and Schooling Choices of Youth in Tanzania
• Table 11.1 A Large Proportion of Uganda’s Labor Force Works Outside the Formal Sector
• Table 11.2 The Percentage of Ugandans with Some Secondary Education Rose between 1992 and 2002
• Table 11.3 The Free Primary Education Policy Has Freed Household Resources, Allowing Families to Keep Children in School Longer
• Table 11.4 The Average Educational Level of Household Heads in Uganda Rose between 1992 and 2002
• Table 11.5 Educational Levels Increased in Both Rural and Urban Areas
• Table 11.6 Employment Rose between 1992 and 1999, Particularly among Young Women