Spectre of Invasion

The Royal Navy and the Defence of Britain's Coast, 1900–1918

Steve Dunn

• Publisher: Pen and Sword
• Year: 2025
• Topic: History
• eBook ISBN:
  9781399039949
• Subtopic: Modern British History
• Index: History

Explores Britain's fear of a German coastal invasion during World War I, examining raids, defense efforts, and the political and strategic fallout. By 1900, the British government and public had become gripped by a new and growing fear of invasion, not from traditional enemies such as France, but from Germany. Such terror was driven by lurid books and fanned by newspapers. These anxieties sparked off a fight between those who wanted a defence based on a larger standing army, with conscription to support it, and those who believed the Royal Navy was sufficient to defend the coast and deprecated the expense and role of a standing land force. With war declared in 1914, Britain's coastline came under attack. Major German raids created terror, and the fear of invasion drove naval and military planning and dispositions to protect Britain's littoral. Coastal towns such as Scarborough, Great Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Southwold and even the Outer Hebrides came under attack and landings by German troops were feared daily. Running battles were fought with these attacking forces and both ships and lives ashore were lost. Spectre of Invasion examines all of the raids made and the success or failure of them, and relates these events from the point of view of naval and civilian participants. It tells the story of the Royal Navy and its role in the defence of the British coast in the First World War and examines the strategic and political developments resultant from invasion fears. And it considers how the plans laid for coastal defence fared under the test of conflict, laying bare what it was like to be part of the battles around the British coast, both as combatant and as citizen. Finally, it looks at Britain's inability to co-ordinate naval and military effort throughout the War. This is a thought-provoking book which combines a fast-paced narrative with fascinating insights into Britain's predicament in the years leading up to, and through, the First World War. It will appeal to anyone interested in this era of the country's history and the fear on invasion that stalked the country in those years.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Book Title
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Introduction
• 1 This Precious Stone Set in the Silver Sea
• 2 The Fear of Invasion
• 3 Sir John Fisher’s Navy, 1904–1910
• 4 Coastal Defence and the Road to War, 1911–1914
• 5 The Defence of Britain, 1914
• 6 The Auxiliaries, 1914
• 7 The East Coast Under Attack, 1914
• 8 A Troubled Island, 1915
• 9 A Concerted Plan: The Attacks on Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth, 1916
• 10 But What If They Come? 1916
• 11 ‘Shoot and Scoot’, 1917
• 12 Last Knockings, 1918
• 13 The Invasion of the Air
• 14 Defending the Shores
• 15 Science Ashore and Defence Afloat
• 16 In Conclusion
• Author’s Notes
• Appendix 1 The Major Saxon Shore Forts (late fourth century AD)
• Appendix 2 Cinque Port Benefits
• Appendix 3 The Henrician Castles
• Appendix 4 Major Unit Distribution by Station c. 1898
• Appendix 5 The Home Defence Squadrons in 1900
• Appendix 6 Types of Gun Recommended by the Owen Committee
• Appendix 7 UK Coastal Artillery 1914
• Appendix 8 Comparative Naval Expenditure 1900–1913
• Appendix 9 Fleet Distribution 1907, 1909, 1912; Heavy Ships Only
• Appendix 10 Distribution of Destroyers and Submarines, 1909
• Appendix 11 Guard Ships Deployed as at January 1915
• Appendix 12 The Consolidated DORA Act of November 1914
• Appendix 13 Chapter I of Convention No 9, Second Hague Conference
• Appendix 14 Days Lost to Industrial Action in Britain, 1914–1918
• Appendix 15 Sites of Indicator Loop Systems
• Appendix 16 British Communities Attacked from the Sea by German Naval Forces
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index
• Back Cover