Perilous Waters

Settlers, Swamps, and the State, 1775–1920

Anthony E. Carlson

• Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press
• Year: 2026
• Print ISBN:
  9781469694801
  9781469694795
• eBook ISBN:
  9781469687285
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: North American History
• Index: History

Wetlands—particularly swamps—have evoked contradictory responses from different groups in the United States, from the early republic to the end of World War I. White, enslaved, and Indigenous peoples alternately envisioned swamps as future agricultural paradises, uninhabitable wastelands, portals to freedom, spaces to gather vital resources, eugenic sanctuaries, and future homes for settlers. This contested, evolving thinking shaped how Americans interacted with swamps, and Perilous Waters addresses how those interactions influenced their management.

Anthony E. Carlson shows how settlers demonized swamps as one of the gravest environmental impediments to agricultural expansion and the establishment of secure and stable communities. In doing so, they enlisted the knowledge, resources, and authority of the state to organize institutions that enabled drainage and erased any vestiges of prior occupation and usage. By the mid-nineteenth century, drainage had become a paramount public policy objective, giving rise to new social institutions and the mobilization of state resources to assist settlers in fashioning dry, healthy, and domesticated landscapes. After 1900, all levels of government worked to implement cooperative social institutions and systemize environmental and technological knowledge to facilitate drainage and accelerate the transformation of the nation’s wet spaces into farms and crop fields.

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction: Ditches of Empire
• Chapter One: Swamps, Nature, and Disease in America, 1775–1820
• Chapter Two: The Foundation of All Correct Tillage: Drainage, Farm Improvement, and the State, 1830–1865
• Chapter Three: An Empire of Ditches: Settlers, Railroads, and Wet Prairies in the Valley of the Red River of the North, 1877–1886
• Chapter Four: Settler Activism and State Intervention: Draining the Red River Valley, 1886–1900
• Chapter Five: Wasted Lands, Wasted People: Eugenics, Drainage, and the Legacy of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
• Chapter Six: A Construction Agency: The Reclamation Service and Settler Home Creation, 1902–1910
• Chapter Seven: Consulting Advisors: Federal Drainage Engineers and Settlers, 1902–1913
• Conclusion: We Opposed the Draining of Our So-Called Swamp Lands
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index